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What is the difference between correlation and causation?
Correlation means that something occurs at the same time as something else, but causation means that something causes something else
What is the difference between the ceiling and floor effects?
High scores vs low scores
What is a factor?
a variable in a study
Difference between quasi experiments and true experiments
random assignment
What is a history threat?
When a change in the treatment group is unclear, whether it is caused by the treatment itself or an external issue
What is a main effect?
the overall effect of one independent variable on the dependent variable
What is counterbalancing?
presenting the levels of the independent variable to participants in different sequences to control for order effects
What are selection effects?
When two groups' participants vary greatly
What are order effects?
Exposure to one condition changes participants' behavior
What is a pretest-posttest design?
an experiment using an independent-groups design in which participants are tested on the key dependent variable twice
What is a within-groups design?
An experimental design in which each participant is presented with all levels of the independent variable
Make this an in-text citation:
Petrillo, S., Nylund, R., Deveraux, B. (1985)
(Petrillo, et al., 1985) or Petrillo et al. (1985)
Advantages of within groups design
It tests all levels of the independent variable, can establish causation, establishes temporal precedence, and has no design confounds
What is a posttest-only design?
An experiment using an independent-groups design in which participants are tested on the dependent variable only once
What threat is it to internal validity?
a design confound
What is used to control for order effects?
counterbalancing
What is a design confound?
It is a confound in which there is another variable explaining the independent variable
What type of analysis is appropriate for independent variables?
T-test
Make this a reference citation:
(Max 2005)
Max, T. (2005)
r=0.80; is this a strong correlation, positive correlation, negative correlation, weak correlation, or no correlation?
Postitive; strong
In a study on mood, a hurricane shuts down the campus for two weeks. What type of threat is this?
history threat
What is an interaction?
A result from a factorial design, in which the difference in the levels of one independent variable changes, depending on the level of the other independent variable; a difference in differences
within groups
This test is used when there are three or more variables in an independent variable
ANOVA
4 types of validity and the definitions
internal: rules out third variables
construct: how well variables are manipulated or measured
face: how well the variables are operationalized
external: how well the results are generalized