Show:
Chapter 13 Patterns in Inherited Traits
Chapter 14 Human Inheritance
chapter 19 Viruses and Bacteria
Chapter 20 Protists
Chapter 21 Plant Evolution
100

What Austrian monk is considered the father of genetics? What plants did this monk work with?  What type of gametes does each plant produce?

Gregor Mendel, Pea plants, Each plant produces haploid gametes that carry one allele for each gene

100

What are some ethical concerns when studying human genetics?

  • Privacy: genetic information can reveal sensitive data about indiviuals and families
  • Discrimination: employers or insurers might misuse genetic information
  • Consent: Family members may be affected by one person’s genetic testing results
  • Designer babies: ethical issues arise with genetic modification or selection of embryos
100

What are viruses?  Are they alive?  How do they reproduce?  How big are they?  How many organelles do they have?

  • Viruses: Non-cellular infections particles made of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) and a protein coat (capsid), sometimes with a lipid envelope
  • Alive? no – they are not living organisms. Cannot reproduce on their own
  • Reproduction: only inside a host cell
  • Size: extremely small, about 20-300 nanometers
  • Organelles: none
100

What are some characteristics of protists?  Are they prokaryotic or eukaryotice?  Are they autotrophic or heterotrophic?  Can they move or are they sessile?  Are they aerobic or anaerobic?  How do they reproduce?

  • Cell type: Eukaryotic (have a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles).
  • Nutrition:
  • Some are autotrophic (make their own food through photosynthesis, e.g., algae).
  • Others are heterotrophic (ingest or absorb food, e.g., amoebas).
  • Some are mixotrophic (can do both, e.g., Euglena).
  • Movement:
  • Many are motile, using cilia, flagella, or pseudopodia to move.
  • A few are sessile (attached to a surface).
  • Respiration: Mostly aerobic (use oxygen). Some can survive anaerobically.
  • Reproduction:
  • Asexual reproduction (binary fission or budding).
  • Some also reproduce sexually (through conjugation or gamete fusion).
100

What structural adaptations allow plants to live out of water?

  • Cuticle: Waxy layer that prevents water loss.
  • Stomata: Openings that regulate gas exchange and water loss.
  • Vascular tissue: Transports water, nutrients, and food through the plant.
  • Roots: Anchor the plant and absorb water/minerals.
  • Lignin: Strengthens cell walls for upright growth.
  • Spores/seeds: Protect reproductive cells from drying out.
200

What does “true breeding” mean?  What is cross-fertilation?

  • True breeding: organisms that, when self-fertilized, produce offspring identical to themselves (homozygous for a trait)
  • Cross-fertilization: transfer of pollen from one plant to the ovule of another, mixing genetic material from two different parents
200

What is a single gene disorder?  What is a polygenic trait?

  • Single gene disorder: caused by a mutation in one gene; follows mendelian inheritance
  • Ex: cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, Huntington’s disease
  • Polygenic trait: controlled by two or more genes, often influenced by environment
  • Ex: height, skin color, eye color, intelligence  
200

What type of viruses are usually enveloped?  What type of viruses are typically non-enveloped?

  • Enveloped viruses: usually animal viruses; they obtain their lipid envelope from the host cell membrane
  • Non-envelped viruses: typically plant or bacterial viruses; they lack the lipid layer and are more resistant to harsh environments
200

What are the major structures found in Euglena?  What are their functions?

  • Flagellum: Long whip-like tail for movement.
  • Eyespot (stigma): Detects light, helping it move toward light for photosynthesis.
  • Chloroplasts: Contain chlorophyll; carry out photosynthesis.
  • Pellicle: Flexible outer covering that provides shape and protection (not a cell wall).
  • Nucleus: Contains genetic material (DNA).
  • Contractile vacuole: Pumps out excess water to maintain osmotic balance.
  • Reservoir: Pocket where the flagellum emerges.
  • Cytoplasm: Jelly-like fluid that holds organelles.
200

Name three vascular tissues found in plants and explain what they do

  • Xylem: Transports water and minerals upward from roots to leaves.
  • Phloem: Transports sugars (food) from leaves to other parts of the plant.
  • Cambium: Produces new xylem and phloem; helps plant grow in thickness.
300

What are loci?  Are all alleles found at a locus the same?

  • Locus: the specific physical location of a gene on a chromosome
  • Alleles: versions of a gene found at the same locus. They can be the same (homozygous) or different (heterozygous).
300

What are circle and squares on a pedigree chart?

  • Circle= female
  • Square=Male
  • Shaded shape= affected individual
  • Half- shaded= carrier
  • Horizontal line= mating pair, vertical line= offspring
300

What is a bacteriophage?  What two replication pathways can it use to replicate?

  • Bacteriophage: a virus that infects bacteria
  • Replication pathway:
  • Lytic pathway: virus immediately replicates inside host, causing the cell to burst (lyse) and release new viruses
  • Lysogenic pathway: Viral DNA integrates into the host’s chromosome as a prophage and replicates along with the host cell until triggered to enter the lytic cycle
300

What 3 groups for the SAR supergroup?

  • Stramenophiles
  • Alveolates
  • Rhizarians
300

How do seeds help plants distribute over larger areas?

  • Seeds protect the plant embryo and contain stored food.
  • They can be carried by wind, water, or animals, allowing plants to spread over large areas
400

What does homozygous mean?  What is heterozygous?  What do capital and lowercase letters usually indicate when diagraming a genetic cross?

  • Homozygous: both alleles for a gene are the same (TT or tt)
  • Heterozygous: the two alleles are different (Tt)
  • Capital letter: dominant allele
  • Lowercase letter: recessive allele
400

How are X-linked traits inherited?  Who is more likely to be affected by X-linked traits, men or women?  Why?

  • X-linked inheritance: the gene is located on x chromosome
  • Men (XY) are more likely to be affected because they have only one x chromosome- so a single recessive allele shows the trait
  • Women are carriers if they have one recessive and one dominant allele; both recessive alleles must be present for them to show the disorder  
400

How are the lytic and lysogenic pathways different from one another?

  • Lytic: Active replication, host cell is destroyed, produces many viruses quickly, immediate infection symptoms
  • Lysogenic pathway: dormant phase, host cell survives, Viral DNA incorporated into host genome, Can remain hidden for long periods
400

What are three types of stramenophiles?

  • What is kelp? A large brown alga, forms underwater “forests” and provides habitat for many marine organisms.
  • What are diatoms? Photosynthetic protists with intricate silica shells; form the base of many aquatic food chains.
  • What are water molds?  Resemble fungi but are not true fungi; live in water or moist soil and decompose organic matter.
400

What are some advantages of pollen?

  • Pollen allows fertilization without water (air or animal transport).
  • Protects sperm cells in a tough outer coating.
  • Increases the range and success of reproduction on land.
500

If a homozygous dominant parent is crossed with a homozygous recessive parent, what type of offspring will be present in the first filial (F1) generation?  What offspring would be possible in the second generation if two of the offspring from the first generation are crossed?

  • TT x tt
  • F1 Generation: all offspring are Tt (heterozygous à phenotype shows the dominant trait
  • F2 Generation (F1 x F1)
  • Genotypes: 1 TT: 2Tt: 1tt
  • Phenotype: 3 dominant: 1 recessive
500

What different types of mutations can occur?

  • Insertion: An extra nucleotide is added
  • Causes frameshift
  • Deletion: A nucleotide is lost
  • Frameshift; can delete essential genes
  • Duplication: A DNA segment is copied twice
  • Gene dosage imbalance
  • Translocation: segment moves to a different chromosome
  • May disrupt gene function
  • Inversion: DNA segment flips end-to-end

May effect gene regulation or meiosis

500

What is HIV?  What type of virus is it?  What cells does it use as host cells?  How wdoes the virus replicate?  What is AIDS, and how is it related to HIV?

  • HIV (Human immunodeficiency virus): an enveloped RNA retrovirus
  • Host cells: infects helper T cells (CD4+ lymphocytes) in the human system
  • Replication
  • Virus enters T cell and releases RNA
  • Uses reverse transcription to make viral DNA from RNA
  • Viral DNA integrates into host DNA
  • Host cell Produces viral proteins and new viruses
  • AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome): the final stage of HIV infection, when the immune system is severely weakened and cannot fight off infections
500

What are the three types of alveolates?

  • Dinoflagellates – Unicellular, often photosynthetic; can cause red tides.
  • Apicomplexans – Parasitic (e.g., Plasmodium, which causes malaria).
  • Ciliates – Move using cilia; have complex cells with two nuclei (e.g., Paramecium).
500

What are the major differences between Gymnosperms and Angiosperms?

  • Seeds: Naked (not enclosed in fruit): Enclosed in fruit
  • Example: Conifers (pine, spruce, fir): Flowering plants (roses, grasses, oaks)
  • Reproduction: Cones (male & female): Flowers
  • Pollination: Mostly wind: Wind or animals
  • Leaves: Needles or scales: Broad or varied