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Chapter 13 Patterns in Inherited Traits
Chapter 14-19
Chapter 19
Chapter 20
Chapter 21
100

What is an individual’s genotype?  What is their phenotype?  How are the genotypic and phenotypic ratios determined?

  • Genotype: Genetic makeup (TT, Tt, or tt)
  • Phenotype: Physical expression of the game (tall or short)
  • Genotypic ratio: ratio of genetic combinations (1:2:1)
  • Phenotypic ratio: ratio of visible traits (3:1)

Punnett squares

100

What is polyploidy?  Aneuploidy?  Nondisjunction?  How does each change in chromosome number affect humans?

  • Polyploidy: Extra entire sets of chromosomes (3n, 4n). Usually lethal in humans but common In plants
  • Aneuploidy: One extra or missing chromosome (not a full set)
  • Ex: Trisomy 21 (down syndrome) à 47 chromosome
  • Nondisjunction: Failure of chromosome to separate properly during meiosis à causes aneuploidy
  • Effects in humans: can result in disorders
  • Trisomy 21 (down syndrome)
  • Turner syndrome (XO)
  • Klinefelter syndrome (XXY)
100

What are some characteristics of bacteria?  How do they reproduce?  Are they autotrophic or heterotrophic?  Unicellular or multicellular?  Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic?  What structures allow them to move or adhere to surfaces?

  • Cell type: prokaryotic
  • Cellularity: unicellular
  • Nutrition: can be autotrophic or heterotrophic
  • Reproduction: Asexual via binary fission
  • Movement: flagella for movement
  • Attachment: uses pili of fimbriae to attach to surfaces or exchange DNA

Protection: surrounded by a cell wall

100

What are rhizarians

  • Mostly amoeboid protists with threadlike pseudopodia for movement and feeding.
  • Include foraminiferans (have calcium carbonate shells) and radiolarians (silica shells).
  • Found mainly in marine environments.
100

What group is made of mosses, liverworts, and hornworts?  How are they different from vascular plants?

  • Group name: Bryophytes
  • Traits:
  • Non-vascular (no xylem or phloem)
  • Live in moist environments
  • Depend on water for reproduction (sperm swim to egg)
  • Small in size; lack roots (use rhizoids for anchoring)
200

What is a test cross?

  • A cross between an individual with an unknown genotype (dominant phenotype) and a homozygous recessive induvial
  • Purpose: to determine whether the unknown genotype is homozygous dominant (TT) or Heterozygous (Tt)
200

What are symptoms of many common viral infections?

Fever, fatigue muscle aches, cough, sore throat, runny nose, rashes, or swollen lymph nodes.

200

Describe the process of binary fission

  • The bacterial DNA replicates
  • The cell elongates and separates DNA copies
  • The plasma membrane pinches inward
  • The cell divides into two identical daughter cells
200

What are green algae?

  • Photosynthetic protists that are closest relatives to plants.
  • Contain chlorophyll a and b, store starch, and have cell walls of cellulose.
  • Can be unicellular (Chlamydomonas), colonial (Volvox), or multicellular (Ulva, “sea lettuce”).
  • Live in freshwater or marine environments.
200

What are some examples of seedless vascular plants?  How do they reproduce?

  • Examples: Ferns, horsetails, club mosses.

Reproduction: By spores (not seeds); need water for fertilization.

300

What is the Law of Segregation?

  • Each organism carries two alleles for each gene, which sperate during gamete formation
  • Each gamete receives only one allele for each gene
  • Explains why offspring inherit one allele for each gene
300

What is an emerging disease?

A disease that is new or rapidly increasing in incidence or geographical range

300
  • What are the three ways bacteria can transfer genes from one cell to another?
  • Transformation: bacterium takes in DNA from its environment
  • Transduction DNA is transferred by a virus

Conjugation: DNA is transferred directly between bacteria via a pilus

300

What are choanoflagellates?

  • Unicellular or colonial protists that are closest living relatives of animals.
  • Have a collar of microvilli surrounding a single flagellum used to capture food.
  • Thought to resemble the common ancestor of sponges and animals.
300

What are the five major steps in fern reproduction?

  • Sporangia (on fern fronds) release haploid spores.
  • Spores grow into a gametophyte (heart-shaped structure).
  • The gametophyte produces sperm and eggs.
  • Fertilization occurs when sperm swim to egg (needs water).
  • The diploid sporophyte (fern plant) grows from the zygote.
400

What is the Law of Independent Assortment?

  • Genes for different traits separate independently of one another during gamete formation (meiosis)
  • This creates genetic variation when genes are located on different chromosomes (or far apart on the same one)
400

Be familiar with the following diseases/symptoms caused by:

  • West Nile virus- Spread by mosquitoes; causes fever, fatigue, and in severe cases, encephalitis 
  • Diseases caused by Herpes virus- Cause cold sores, genital herpes, or shingles
  • Zika virus- mosquito-borne; can cause birth defects if infection occurs during pregnancy
  • Ebola- causes severe hemorrhagic fever; transmitted by body fluids
  • Avian flu- Bird-to-human transmission; can cause severe respiratory illness
400

Name three essential ecological roles of bacteria

  • Decomposers – Break down dead plants and animals, recycling nutrients into the environment.
  • Nitrogen fixation – Convert atmospheric nitrogen (N₂) into ammonia (NH₃) that plants can use.
  • Producers – Some bacteria (like cyanobacteria) make their own food via photosynthesis, forming the base of many ecosystems.
400

What is red algae?

  • Mostly multicellular, marine, and photosynthetic protists.
  • Contain phycoerythrin, a red pigment that allows them to absorb blue light and live in deep water.
  • Examples: Nori (used in sushi), coralline algae (helps build coral reefs).
400

What type of plants are conifers?  How do they reproduce?  How are their seed different?  What type of leaves do they have?

  • Type: Gymnosperms
  • Reproduction: Seeds develop in cones (male cones make pollen, female cones hold ovules).
  • Seed: Naked seeds, not enclosed in fruit.
  • Leaves: Needle-like or scale-like to prevent water loss.
  • Example: Pine, spruce, fir, cedar
500

What are the three shapes of bacteria?

  • Coccus
  • Bacillus
  • Spirillum
500

What are cyanobacteria?  How do they get nutrients?  What is lichen?

  • Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic bacteria (also called “blue-green algae”).
  • Nutrient source: They use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to make glucose through photosynthesis and release oxygen.
  • Lichen: A symbiotic relationship between a fungus and either an alga or a cyanobacterium. The fungus provides structure and protection, while the cyanobacterium or alga provides food through photosynthesis
500

What is a fruit?  What is the purpose of flowers?  What type of organisms act as pollinators?

  • Fruit: Mature ovary that protects seeds and helps disperse them.
  • Flower: Reproductive structure that attracts pollinators for fertilization.
  • Pollinators: Bees, butterflies, birds, bats, wind, water.