Chapter 13
This process occurs in the cytosol and converts glucose into two pyruvate molecules with a net gain of 2 ATP.
What is glycolysis?
This process uses a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane to generate ATP.
What is oxidative phosphorylation?
This short amino acid sequence directs proteins to the nucleus.
What is a nuclear localization signal (NLS)?
This type of transport moves molecules down their concentration gradient with the help of membrane proteins but without energy input.
What is facilitated diffusion?
This process involves the uptake of material into the cell via vesicles.
What is endocytosis?
This enzyme catalyzes the committed step of glycolysis and is inhibited by high ATP levels.
What is phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1)?
This enzyme complex transfers electrons to oxygen and forms water in the ETC.
What is cytochrome oxidase?
This GTPase provides energy and directionality for nuclear transport.
What is Ran?
This molecule modulates membrane fluidity by increasing fluidity in saturated membranes and decreasing it in unsaturated membranes.
What is cholesterol?
This theory explains that mitochondria and chloroplasts originated from engulfed bacteria.
What is the endosymbiotic theory?
This type of phosphorylation directly transfers a phosphate group to ADP to make ATP.
What is substrate-level phosphorylation?
Electrons move toward molecules with this type of redox potential.
What is more positive redox potential?
These particles recognize ER signal sequences and guide ribosomes to the ER.
What are signal recognition particles (SRPs)?
This pump uses ATP to move 3 sodium ions out of the cell and 2 potassium ions into the cell against their gradients.
What is the Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase
This is the final electron acceptor in cellular respiration, forming water.
What is oxygen (O₂)?
This molecule is produced from pyruvate before entering the citric acid cycle and releases CO₂.
What is acetyl-CoA?
This structure in mitochondria is responsible for ATP production using proton flow.
What is ATP synthase?
This vesicle coat protein helps form vesicles during endocytosis.
What is clathrin?
equation describes the total free energy change for moving a charged solute across a membrane
What is the electrochemical gradient equation (ΔG = RT ln(C_in/C_out)
This structure forms the basic framework of all cell membranes and is made of amphipathic phospholipids.
What is a phospholipid bilayer?
These electron carriers are produced in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle and donate electrons to the ETC.
What are NADH and FADH₂?
In chloroplasts, this molecule serves as the terminal electron acceptor.
What is NADP⁺?
These proteins ensure vesicles fuse with the correct target membrane.
What are SNARE proteins?
whats the difference between transporter and channel?
The difference between a channel and a transporter (carrier protein) comes down to how substances cross the cell membrane and whether energy or conformational change is involved.
Channels form open pores (tunnels) in the membrane that allow specific molecules or ions to pass through.
Transporters bind to a molecule and then change shape to move it across the membrane.
This type of membrane protein spans the lipid bilayer and typically contains hydrophobic amino acids.
What is an integral membrane protein?