Blood
What are the mechanisms of venous return?
Pressure gradient, gravity, skeletal muscle, thoracic pump, and cardiac suction
What are the three ways of controlling vasomotor activities?
Local control, Neural control, and Hormonal control.
What are the three autonomic reflexes of the neural control?
Baroreflexes, Chemoreflex, and Medullary Ischemic reflex
What is the difference between pulmonary and systemic circuits?
Pulmonary is carries blood to lungs for gas exchange and back to heart.
Systemic supplies oxygenated blood to all tissues of the body and back to heart.
What is the order of the conduction system?
SA node (right/left atria), AV node, Bundle of His, Left/right bundle branches, Purkinje fibers
What are the three layers of blood vessels?
Turnica interna, Turnica media, and Turnica externa
What is the difference in velocity (speed) of blood between arteries and veins?
Arteries: aorta to capillaries blood velocity decreases
Veins: capillaries to vena cava blood velocity increases
What are the three types of capillaries and where are they found?
Continuous (most tissue), Fenestrated (kidneys & small intestines), and Sinusoids/Discontinuous (liver, bone marrow, and spleen)
What are the four chambers of the heart?
Right atrium, Right ventricle, Left atrium, Left ventricle
Explain the process of action potentials for pacemaker cells?
Discuss with everyone because this is too long
What is edema? three primary causes?
Accumulation of fluid in the tissues. Increased capillary filtration, reduced capillary exchange, and obstructed lymphatic drainage.
What is peripheral resistance?
Opposition to flow that blood encounters in vessels away from the heart. Distance and friction relate to speed.
What are the different circulatory routes?
Simplest pathway (one capillary bed), Portal system (two capillary beds), Arteriovenous anastomosis (bypassing capillary bed), Venous anastomosis (empties into several veins post capillary bed), Arterial anastomosis (two arteries merge before capillary bed)
What is unique about the pulmonary arteries and veins
Pulmonary arteries carry unoxygenated blood and pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood.
How does sympathetic and parasympathetic activity effect pacemaker cells?
Discuss with one another
What are examples of hormonal control?
Angiotensin II, Atrial natriuretic peptide, Anti-diuretic hormone, and Epinephrine/Norepinephrine.
What is Transcytosis?
Picks up material in a vesicle and transports to the other side
What are the factors that influence peripheral resistance? Most influential?
Blood viscosity, vessel length, and vessel radius (most powerful influence over flow)
What are features of cardiocytes?
Striated, Short, branched, uni-nucleated, intercalated discs, t-tubules larger, less developed SR
What does the P, QRS, and t waves mean
Discuss
What occurs at the arterial and venous end, relating to movement of fluids?
Blood hydrostatic pressure (filtration; fluid leaving the capillaries) and Colloid osmotic pressure (reabsorption; fluid entering the capillaries)
What is autoregulation?
Ability to regulate tissue with own blood supply
What three routes are chemicals passed through the capillary wall? What mechanisms are involved?
Through endothelial cell cytoplasm, intercellular clefts between endothelial cells, filtration pores (fenestration). Mechanisms are diffusion, transcytosis, filtration, reabsorption
What are features of intercalated discs?
Fascia adherens, desmosomes, and gap junctions
Why are pacemaker cells self-stimulating?
Pacemaker cells have an unstable membrane potential and results in pacemaker potential.