Enzymes
Define active site.
the location on an enzyme that binds to a substrate
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy
__________ is oxidized and __________ is reduced.
Glucose is oxidized and oxygen is reduced.
During the _______ step of the Calvin Cycle, ___ RuBP molecules are required in order for the Calvin Cycle to start again.
During the regeneration step of the Calvin Cycle, 3 RuBP molecules are required in order for the Calvin Cycle to start again.
The process by which protein kinases transfer phosphates from ATP to protein
What is phosphorylation?
Which step of cellular respiration takes up most of the process?
oxidative phosphorylation
list 3 factors that affect enzymatic activity
temperature, pH, cofactors, coenzymes, vitamins, competitive and non-competitive inhibitors
2 places in plant cells where ATP synthase can be found
thylakoid membrane and inner mitochondrial membrane
The reaction center of photosystem 1 (PSI) is ______, while the reaction center for photosystem 2 (PSII) is _______.
DOUBLE JEOPARDY!
What is the process that uses light to power chemiosmosis and the production of ATP?
P700 and P680, respectively
photophosphorylation
What does RTK stand for and what does it do?
Receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) is a membrane receptor that attaches phosphates to tyrosines.
A molecule that functions as the reducing agent in a redox reaction _______ (gains/loses) electrons and _______ (gains/loses) potential energy.
A reducing agent is an electron donor; so it loses electrons and loses potential energy.
In addition to the definition of enzyme, list any 3 characteristics.
An enzyme is a macromolecule that acts as a catalyst; it's a chemical agent that speeds up a reaction without being consumed by the reaction.
Some characteristics:
- Every reaction has a different activation energy
- Enzymes lower AE
- highly selective for which substrate it binds to
- work on reactants/substrates
- active site is the location on an enzyme that binds to a substrate
- enzymes change shape to better bind the substrate
Where do the following processes take place?
- glycolysis
- citric acid cycle (prokaryotes and eukaryotes)
- oxidative phosphorylation
- glycolysis --> cytosol/cytoplasm
- citric acid cycle --> cytosol/cytoplasm for prokaryotes and mitochondria matrix for eukaryotes
- oxidative phosphorylation --> mitochondria membrane
the product(s) of linear electron flow during the light reactions of photosynthesis
ATP and NADPH
the enzyme in the plasma membrane, converts ATP to cAMP in response to an extracellular signal
What is Adenylyl cyclase?
What drives the process of transferring of energy from pigment molecule to pigment molecule?
light energy
What are cofactors? What organic molecules act as cofactors?
Cofactors are any non-protein molecule or ion that is required for the proper functioning of an enzyme. Coenzymes act as cofactors.
The harnessing of energy from high-energy electrons derived from _______ and _______ takes place in the _______.
The harnessing of energy from high-energy electrons derived from glycolysis and citric acid cycle takes place in the electron transport chain.
During the light reactions of photosynthesis, _____ and _____ are produced in _______ of the chloroplast.
During the light reactions of photosynthesis, ATP and NADPH are produced in thylakoid of the chloroplast.
Phosphorylation of proteins in a kinase cascade does what?
It distorts a protein from one functional state to another
In glycolysis, for each molecule of glucose oxidized to _______, ___ molecules of ATP are used, and ____ molecules of ATP are produced, for a net product of ___ ATP molecules.
In glycolysis, for each molecule of glucose oxidized to pyruvate, 2 molecules of ATP are used, and 4 molecules of ATP are produced, for a net product of 2 ATP molecules.
Difference between competitive and non-competitive inhibitors. (definition and picture)
Competitive inhibitors bind to the active site and prevent the substrates from binding.
Non-competitive inhibitors bind a different part of the enzyme, causing the enzyme to change shape such that the active site is less effective in catalyzing the reaction.
One glucose molecule yields 2 Acetyl CoA that enter the citric acid cycle. What 4 products are yielded and how many of each from Acetyl CoA?
One Acetyl CoA yields 1 ATP, 1 FADH2, 2 CO2, and 3 NADH; so a total of 2 ATP, 2 FADH2, 4 CO2, and 6 NADH are produced at the end of the citric acid cycle.
slide 43/54 of chapter 9
2 functions/processes/events of reaction center complexes
1. absorption of energy by chlorophyll molecules
2. exciting an electron
Name the 3 stages of cell signaling and what happens during each stage.
slide 42 of chapter 11
In reception, the target cell detects a signaling molecule that binds to a receptor protein on the cell surface
In transduction, the binding of the signaling molecule alters the receptor and initiates a signal transduction pathway; transduction often occurs in a series of steps
In response, the transduced signal triggers a specific response in the target cell
5 steps of signal transduction in order
1. A signal molecule binds to a receptor.
2. A conformational change in the signal-receptor complex activates an enzyme.
3. Second messenger molecules are released.
4. Protein kinases are activated.
5. Target proteins are phosphorylated.