Plate Tectonics & Boundaries
At which two plate boundaries do volcanoes commonly form?
What are convergent and divergent boundaries?
High silica magma tends to produce this type of eruption.
What is explosive?
Increased ground shaking near a volcano indicates movement of this.
What is magma?
This force ultimately drives all mass movement.
What is gravity?
The largest volcano in the solar system, located on Mars.
What is Olympus Mons?
This type of convergent boundary does not produce volcanoes.
What is continent–continent collision?
Basaltic, low-viscosity magma is most commonly found at this type of boundary.
What is a divergent boundary?
This type of monitoring shows ground swelling before an eruption.
What is tilt/deformation monitoring?
Adding water to a slope usually does this to stability.
What is decreases slope stability?
This canyon system on Mars is larger than the Grand Canyon.
What is Valles Marineris?
This zone of steep earthquake activity forms where one plate descends beneath another.
What is the Wadati–Benioff zone?(Subduction)
These volcanoes form above mantle plumes independent of plate boundaries.
What are hot spot volcanoes?
A rise in emissions of this gas (SO₂) often means magma is nearing the surface.
What is sulfur dioxide?
Name two human activities that increase landslide risk.
What are deforestation, construction, poor drainage, road cuts, etc.?
How do rovers determine the composition of Martian rocks?
What are cameras, lasers, drills, and chemical spectrometers?
The repeated opening and closing of ocean basins over time is known as this cycle.
What is the Wilson cycle?
Name three volcanic hazards.
What are pyroclastic flows, lahars, ash fall, lava flows, gas emissions, etc.?
These three monitoring categories together provide the strongest eruption forecasts.
What are seismicity, deformation, and gas emissions?
Troy, NY is at risk for landslides due to these two major factors.
What are steep slopes and clay-rich soils?
Earth and Mars share these three similar geologic features.
What are volcanoes, river channels, dunes, craters?
Name the three types of convergent boundaries and the volcanic/mountain features they produce.
What are ocean–ocean (island arcs), ocean–continent (volcanic arcs), continent–continent (mountain ranges)?
Explain how subduction generates magma at convergent boundaries.
What is water released from the subducting slab lowers mantle melting point, creating magma?
A significant decrease in gas emissions can also signal an impending eruption. Why?
What is a plugged conduit traps gases, increasing pressure?
Define hazard, vulnerability, and risk in the context of landslides.
Hazard: natural event (e.g., landslide)
Vulnerability: susceptibility of people/infrastructure
Risk: hazard × vulnerability × exposure
Why doesn’t Mars currently have active plate tectonics?
What is it cooled faster due to smaller size, thick lithosphere, and lack of internal convection strong enough to move plates?