Chapter 8
In a group project, some members contribute less effort, assuming others will pick up the slack
What is Social Loafing
In this model, people may view a group as warm but incompetent, like elderly individuals, leading to feelings of pity, or as competent but cold, like business executives, leading to envy.
What is the Stereotype Content Model?
People are classified into four types based on their responses to stress: "optimists," "pessimists," "control seekers," and "avoidants." This is an example of what?
What is Typology
This theory suggests that people may direct their anger or frustration toward an outgroup, blaming them for their problems as a way to cope with their own feelings.
What is Scapegoat Theory
A manager adapts their leadership style based on the team's readiness and the task's complexity, this theory explains that approach.
What is the Contingency Theory of Leadership
This theory suggests that gender differences in behavior arise because society has established different expectations and roles for men and women.
What is Social Role Theory
This concept holds that human behavior and traits, such as intelligence and aggression, are largely shaped by inherited genes rather than life experiences.
What is Genetic Determinism
This type of prejudice involves favorable views towards a group based on traits that align with societal ideals, such as viewing elderly people as wise or women as nurturing.
What is Benevolent Prejudice
This hypothesis argues that the presence of passive bystanders alone can heighten arousal, influencing task performance.
What is Mere Presence Hypothesis
In an experiment, participants are randomly assigned to groups based on trivial criteria and then show favoritism toward their own group despite the lack of meaningful differences.
What is an example of the Minimal Group Paradigm?
This explains how situational and personal factors interact to influence aggression through emotional, cognitive, and arousal processes.
What is the General Aggression Model
These are individuals or groups, such as parents, peers, or media, that influence the development of a person's attitudes, behaviors, and beliefs.
What are Social Agents
A student finds they can solve easy math problems faster when working in a library surrounded by others but struggles with complex problems under the same conditions.
What is Social Facilitation
This concept suggests that the human tendency to categorize people and objects was evolutionarily advantageous, helping to quickly assess threats or allies for survival.
What is Adaptive Categorization
When someone uses aggression strategically, like in a business negotiation or a competitive sport, to achieve a desired outcome, they are engaging in this type of aggression.
What is Instrumental-Proactive Aggression?
This method of aggression reduction, which involves releasing pent-up emotions, can ironically lead to more aggression by reinforcing it as an appropriate response
What is catharsis
This theory suggests that individuals strive to balance two competing needs—to belong to a group and to maintain their individuality—by identifying with groups that are smaller.
What is Optimal Distinctiveness Theory
This suggests that modern prejudice is expressed through subtle, symbolic attitudes, often related to beliefs about cultural values and traditions rather than overt hostility.
What is Modern Symbolistic Prejudice
A man in a bar might feel compelled to physically retaliate after being insulted by another man, driven by cultural norms that equate honor with masculinity.
What is Culture of Honor
This social trend, characterized by increased individualism and greater gender equality, has led to a rise in male victimization while simultaneously reducing female victimization.
What are the effects of gender equality and individualism?