Chapter 8
In a group project, some members contribute less effort, assuming others will pick up the slack.
What is Social Loafing
In this model, people view a group as warm but incompetent (e.g. the elderly), leading to pity, or as competent but cold (e.g. business execs) leading to envy.
What is the Stereotype Content Model?
This type of aggression is primarily driven by emotions like anger, with the primary goal of removing the threat.
What is hostile aggression
This theory says people direct their anger or frustration toward an out-group as a way to cope with their own feelings.
What is Scapegoat Theory
The tendency for people to take more extreme positions or make riskier decisions when they are part of a group.
What is Group Polarization
This theory suggests that gender differences in behavior arise because society has established different expectations and roles for men and women.
What is Social Role Theory
Characterizing fellow humans as subhuman to justify prejudice, discrimination, and aggression.
What is dehumanization
Prejudice where individuals are viewed favorably due to traits that align with societal ideals.
What is Benevolent Prejudice
This hypothesis argues that the presence of passive bystanders alone can heighten arousal, influencing task performance.
What is Mere Presence Hypothesis
The idea that prejudice will decrease with exposure to members of a disliked outgroup.
What is the Contact Hypothesis
This explains how situational and personal factors influence aggression through emotional, cognitive, & arousal processes.
What is the General Aggression Model
A person collapses in a crowd and appears to need medical help. No one helps; they assume someone else will because of this.
What is Diffusion of Responsibility
This occurs when we’re doing simple or familiar tasks. Otherwise, the presence of observers diminishes performance.
What is Social Facilitation
The brain’s tendency to label and categorize things in our world to learn and survive.
What is Adaptive Categorization
When someone uses aggression strategically (e.g. a competitive sport) to achieve a desired outcome.
What is Instrumental-Proactive Aggression?
This method of aggression reduction can ironically lead to more aggression by reinforcing it as an appropriate response.
What is catharsis
Theory explaining how individuals strive to both belong to a group and maintain their individuality.
What is Optimal Distinctiveness Theory
People high in this believe they are not prejudiced, but are resistant to changes that support equality.
What is Modern Symbolistic Prejudice
A man may feel compelled to retaliate when their masculinity is threatened in this type of culture.
What is a Culture of Honor
When individuals of a dominant group experience a performance boost due to downward comparison to the out-group.
What is stereotype lift