DNA Damage
Depurination, tautomeric shifts, and oxidative damage are examples
What are spontaneous mutations?
These two methods are used to fix double strand breaks
What are homologous and non-homologous recombination repair?
The 5' methylguanosine cap, RNA splicing, and the 3' poly-A tail
What are the steps of RNA processing (post-transcriptional modification)?
A string of amino acids connected by peptide bonds
What is a polypeptide chain?
A technique used to make millions of copies of a particular sequence of DNA.
Compounds which can substitute for purines or pyrimidines
What are base analogs?
This type of DNA repair fixes incorrect base pairing and occurs immediately after replication. New DNA strands are recognized by nicks in the DNA or absent methyl groups.
What is mismatch repair?
What are the -10 element and the -35 element?
This ribosomal site is where new tRNA molecules carrying amino acids enter.
What is the Aminoacyl (A) site?
These two methods are used to open up the cell membrane in order to perform a transformation.
What is heatshock and electroporation?
The likelihood a gene will undergo a mutation in a generation or per gamete formed
What is a mutation rate?
This DNA repair mechanism corrects DNA that contains
incorrect base pairing due to chemically modified bases. First the incorrect base is removed, and then the backbone is excised.
What is Base Excision Repair?
This method of transcription termination uses a hairpin loop to disassemble the RNA polymerase from the DNA strand.
What is Rho-independent termination?
In this stage of translation, the small subunit binds to mRNA, then the tRNA-fmet enters into the p-site, protein factors then draw in the large ribosomal subunit
What is initiation?
A collection of cloned DNA sequences that are complementary to mRNA extracted from a tissue or cell.
What is a cDNA library?
A mutagen which causes pyrimadine dimers
What is UV radiation?
Xeroderma Pigmentosum is caused by mutations in this DNA repair mechanism.
What is Nucleotide Excision Repair (NER)?
This type of RNA combines with proteins to make a complex called the spliceosome
What is snRNA?
This serves as the translation initiation seqeunce in bacteria and is bound by the 16S rRNA
What is the Shine-Dalgarno sequence?
This enzyme is used in CRISPR gene editing to cut DNA.
What is Cas/Cas9?
One example of this would be a mutation in a skin cell caused by depurination which stops a protein from functioning (looking for 3 descriptors).
What is a somatic, spontaneous, loss-of-function mutation?
This form of DNA repair occurs when DNA lesions, such as thymine dimers, causes replication to fail or be incomplete
What is postreplication repair?
These proteins are essential for recruitment of RNA polymerase II in eukaryotic transcription initiation.
What are transcription factors?
This idea is the typical explanation for why there are fewer tRNAs (40-60) than codons (61).
What is the Wobble Hypothesis?
This fluorescent molecule is added to Sanger sequencing reactions to terminate elongation.
What are dideoxynucleotides (ddNTPs)?