Sensation and Perception
What is the failure to consciously notice a visible stimulus because attention is focused elsewhere?
Inattentional blindness
What type of memory temporarily holds information currently in your mind?
Short Term
What term describes how activated or energized the nervous system is?
arousal
Which brain structure contains place cells and time cells?
Hippocampus
What is the name of the brain region located just above the eye sockets that helps evaluate rewards, punishments, and outcomes when making decisions?
Orbitofrontal cortex (OFC).
What happens to the pitch of a sound when its frequency increases?
Pitch Increases
What type of explicit memory stores general knowledge and facts?
Semantic memory
According to James–Lange theory, does the bodily response or conscious emotion come first?
Body
What information do place cells represent?
Particular locations in an environment.
Which brain region is associated with evaluating the social and emotional value of outcomes?
Medial orbitofrontal cortex.
What phenomenon occurs when stationary lights flash in sequence and create an illusion of motion?
Phi phenomenon
Why are the final words of a list often recalled better immediately after presentation?
The recency effect, supported by information still available in short-term memory
Which theory proposes that emotional experience and physiological responses can occur in parallel?
cannon bard
Where are grid cells primarily found?
Medial entorhinal cortex.
Which region is especially involved in adjusting behavior after negative outcomes?
Lateral orbitofrontal cortex.
During a Stroop task, a participant is asked to name the ink color of the word “GREEN,” which is printed in red ink. The participant takes longer to respond than when the word and ink color match.
Why does this happen, and what cognitive process allows the participant to respond correctly?
Reading the word is an automatic process that interferes with naming the ink color. The participant must use selective attention and executive control to inhibit the automatic reading response and correctly identify the ink color.
(STROOP TASK)
A patient can repeat a number for several minutes but cannot remember meeting someone after a distraction. Which brain structure is impaired?
hippocampus
Someone feels calm and content while relaxing at the beach. Identify their arousal and valence.
Low arousal, positive valence.
How do time cells differ from place cells?
Time cells represent moments within sequences or intervals; place cells represent locations.
Someone continues pumping a balloon in the BART despite the chance it will burst. What is the task measuring?
Risky decision-making, involving reward, loss, and uncertainty.
One eye sees a face and the other sees a house. Awareness alternates between the two images. What phenomenon is this?
Binocular Rivalry
A patient learns to read mirror-reversed words faster with practice but has no conscious memory of training. Which memory system remains functional, and which is impaired?
Implicit/procedural learning is preserved; formation of new explicit long-term memories is impaired.
A researcher experimentally increases someone's physiological arousal and predicts stronger emotion because of that bodily change. Which theory best supports the prediction?
James–Lange theory
A person remembers where they ate dinner and the order in which they ordered, ate, and paid. Why are both place cells and time cells relevant?
Episodic memory includes spatial and temporal context—where events occurred and when they happened relative to each other.
A person must decide whether to sacrifice one person's life to save five others. Although they recognize that saving five people would produce a better numerical outcome, they experience a strong emotional reaction to harming the individual.
What type of decision is this, and how do the medial OFC and amygdala contribute to the decision-making process?
Moral decision-making: The choice involves ethical consequences and potential harm to others.
Medial OFC: Helps evaluate the subjective value and social/emotional significance of the possible outcomes.
Amygdala: Processes emotionally significant information, including potential harm and threats.