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Exams 1+2 Review
Nerve Physiology
General Nervous System
CNS
Diseases/
Conditions
100
Where is lanugo found?
Fetuses and neonates
100
At which stages of an action potential are the slow sodium gates open? during depolarization. during repolarization. during hyperpolarization. two of the above. none of the above.
None of the above (sodium gates are fast)
100
The motor (efferent) division of the PNS consists of: Visceral and somatic. Sympathetic and parasympathetic. Voluntary and involuntary, or All of the above
All of the above
100
Association tracts of white matter in the brain run between: Higher and lower centers. Hindbrain and forebrain structures. Left and right hemispheres. Cerebral and cerebellar cortices. Anterior and posterior structures of the same hemisphere.
Anterior and posterior structures of the same hemisphere.
100
In what populations is meningitis common, and why?
Children and elderly due to suppressed immune systems, and college and military due to tight living conditions.
200
What type(s) of bone growth occur after birth? Interstitial, Appositional, Endochondral, Remodelling, Intramembranous
Interstitial, Appositional, Endochondral, Remodelling
200
What maintains resting membrane potential? RNA. potassium leak channel. sodium potassium pump. two of the above. all of the above.
Sodium potassium pump. RNA, DNA, and negatively charged proteins establishes it. It could also be argued that the potassium leak channel maintains it, but we learned in class that it establishes it as well.
200
Botox blocks the ____ of ______ and cocaine blocks the ______ of _______.
Release of ACh, Reuptake of dopamine
200
The most prevalent classification of neuron by structure is _______, found primarily in the ________. Unipolar; CNS. Interneuron; CNS. Multipolar; CNS. Motor; PNS.
Multipolar; CNS
200
A patient who seems to understand the words spoken to him, but cannot articulate responses may have damage to the: Parietal lobe. Frontal lobe. Temporal lobe. Occipital lobe. Diencephalon.
Frontal lobe
300
What type of gland secretes by exocytosis? Merocrine/eccrine? or Apocrine? Where are these glands most concentrated?
Merocrine/eccrine. They are located everywhere, but most concentrated on forehead, palms, and soles of feet
300
Which neuron would have the lowest rate of conduction? A myelinated fiber 10 microns in diameter. A myelinated fiber 5 microns in diameter. An unmyelinated fiber 10 microns in diameter. An unmyelinated fiber 5 microns in diameter.
An unmyelinated fiber 5 microns in diameter
300
The rerouting of neurons: Only occurs in PNS neurons. Is termed brain plasticity. Is not possible. Two of the above. None of the above.
Is termed brain plasticity.
300
The axon hillock: Has a slightly more positive resting membrane potential compared to the rest of the neuron. Contains a higher concentration of voltage-gated sodium channels compared to the rest of the neuron. Receives excitatory or inhibitory graded potentials, resulting in depolarization or hyperpolarization. Has a high concentration of voltage-gated potassium channels that cause the cell to hyperpolarize, or “undershoot." All of the above.
Contains a higher concentration of voltage-gated sodium channels compared to the rest of the neuron.
300
In the past, the corpus callosum was sometimes severed to treat epilepsy. Which white matter tracts would this procedure disrupt? What would be the result?
Commissural. No communication between halves of the brain.
400
How many total molecules of ATP are produced by aerobically metabolizing one molecule of glucose?
38
400
Select the true statement about continuous conduction: Involves myelinated axons. Is faster than saltatory conduction. Jumps from one node of ranvier to the next to move faster. All of the above. None of the above.
None of the above. The above describe saltatory conduction, which is faster than continuous.
400
Large muscle contraction involves which type of circuitry? Widespread sensory inputs. Widespread motor inputs. Converging circuitry. Diverging circuitry. Two of the above.
Diverging circuitry.
400
Acetylcholine can be classified as what type of neurotransmitter? Metabotropic. Ionotropic. Excitatory. Amino acid. Two of the above.
Two of the above: Ionotropic and excitatory.
400
What are the two causes for hydrocephaly? How can this be treated?
Overproduction and/or lack of drainage of CSF. Can be treated with a shunt from the subarachnoid space to the venous circulation.
500
Name the three types of loose connective tissue
Adipose, areolar, and reticular.
500
Order the parts of the axon from superficial to deep. Myelin sheath, Axoplasm, Axolemma, Neurolemma.
Neurolemma, myelin sheath, axolemma, axoplasm.
500
The _____ of the CNS have an analogous function to the ______ of the PNS Astrocytes; satellite cells. Oligodendrocytes; Schwann cells. Microglia; satellite cells. Ependymal cells; microglia. Two of the above.
Two of the above. Astrocytes and satellite cells, and oligodendrocytes and schwann cells.
500
Order the flow of cerebrospinal fluid through the CNS. I. Interventricular foramen. II. Lateral ventricles. III. Arachnoid villi. IV. Cerebral aqueduct. V. Third ventricle. VI. Fourth ventricle. II, III, V, IV, VI, I III, IV, II, I, V, VI II, I, V, IV, VI, III III, II, I, V, IV, VI
II, I, V, IV, VI, III
500
Explain the relationship between osteoporosis and an excessive thoracic kyphosis.
Osteoporosis and excessive kyphosis work together to create a pathological positive feedback loop. Osteoporosis causes a loss of bone density in the thoracic vertebrae, leading to vertebral fractures and the thin side (anterior) of the wedge becoming even more thin. This leads to a more exaggerated kyphosis. A more exaggerated kyphosis puts even more strain on the anterior vertebrae, breaking it down further.