Origin of Species Part 1 and 2
What is the biological species concept and when does it fall short?
A species concept based on reproductive isolation where individuals must be able to interbreed and produce viable, fertile offspring; it cannot be used for asexual or extinct species
The study of evolutionary history of a group of organisms is known as what?
Phylogeny
What were the two places we can't reach fossils?
In deep sedimentary rock and the bottom of the ocean
What is an extremophile?
An organism that thrives in extreme physical and geologic conditions
Which protist group causes red tides?
Dinoflagellates
Which prezygotic mechanisms prevent feralization?
Mechanical and Gametic
What is convergent evolution?
The evolution of similar adaptations in organisms that do not share evolutionary history
Name and describe 2 of the 4 biases in the fossil record
Habitat Bias- Certain habitats are more likely to produce a fossil
Taxonomic Bias- Some species and body parts are more likely to fossilize
Temporal Bias- The more time has passed, the more likely a fossil has been destroyed
Abundance Bias- Species are more likely to leave a fossil if they were more abundant, more widespread, and were present on Earth longer
What were the 4 common shapes of prokaryotes?
1. Coccus (Spheres)
2. Bacillus (Rod)
3. Spirilla (Spirals)
4. Vibrios (Comma)
What is a protist?
All eukaryotes that are not land plants, fungi, or animals
Name and describe the 3 postzygotic isolation mechanism?
Hybrid Inviability- Hybrid zygote fails to develop
Hybrid Infertility- Hybrid develops to adulthood but is infertile
Hybrid Breakdown- Successive generations of hybrids fails to develop
What is an analogous trait?
A trait that is similar in function but not in structure, and may have developed along a different path
What are the 3 ways in which adaptive radiation can occur?
1. Colonization event
2. Mass extinction
3. Morphological triggers
Energy- inorganic or organic compounds
Carbon- inorganic sources such as CO2 and CH4
Which protist group were the most abundant photosynthetic organisms in lakes and oceans?
Diatoms
What is a numerical change in a whole set of chromosomes that can occur through an error in cell division?
Polyploidy
What is PCR?
It stands for polymerase chain reaction and is the process of making multiple copies of a DNA sequence from very few original copies
What agent of evolution was background extinction most similar to?
Natural selection
What is the endosymbiosis theory?
The theory that chloroplasts and mitochondria used to free-living prokaryotes but then were engulfed by another prokaryote to form a symbiotic and mutualistic relationship, with the mitochondria and chloroplasts evolving towards reduction
What vector housed asexual reproduction for apicomplexans, and which housed sexual reproduction?
Asexual- Humans
Sexual- Mosquitoes
Name and describe all 3 modes of speciation
Allopatric- Isolation occurs through geographic separation (No contact)
Parapatric- Isolation occurs between adjacent populations (Share a border)
Sympatric- No physical isolation, reproductive isolation through sexual selection, habitat differentiation, and polyploidy
Name and describe all 3 phylogenetic groups
Monophyletic- Includes the ancestor and all descendants
Polyphyletic- Includes organisms from different clades but not their common ancestor
Paraphyletic- Includes the ancestor and some of its descendants
Permian- Extreme volcanic activity that caused ocean acidification and a runaway greenhouse effect
Cretaceous- Asteroid impact that initially shot up debris and hot vapor and soon after blocked out the Sun from ash
Name all forms of horizontal gene transfer
1. Transformation
2. Transduction
3. Conjugation
Name the accessory pigment used by red algae that allowed them to live in deeper waters
Phycoerythrin