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DNA
Transcription
Translation and mutation
Prokaryotic regulation
Eukaryotic Regulation
100
Name three components of DNA nucleotide
nitrogenous base, deoxyribose, phospate group
100
What sequence does RNA Polymerase bind to, that tells it the direction of the gene, and the transcription start site?
What is the promoter
100
Mutation that shifts the reading frame
What is frameshift
100
Genes with constitutive expression
What is 'housekeeping genes'
100
Stages of cell division in eukaryotes where histones are present
What is ALL OF THEM (in eukaryotes)
200
What's the function of DNA Polymerase? RNA Polymerase?
What is DNA replication, Transcription of DNA -> mRNA
200
RNA Pol II reads DNA in what direction? Adds nucleotides in what direction?
What is 3'-5' What is 5'-3' (adds nucleotides to 3' end)
200
Name two types of RNA that does not become protein
What is introns 5' and 3' UTRs microRNAs tRNAs rRNAs
200
Example of a repressible operon, example of an inducible operon
What is trp, lac operons
200
Highly compacted chromatin state in which genes are largely not expressed (transcribed)
What is heterochromatin
300
Name three differences between DNA and RNA
What is Ribose sugar vs. Deoxyribose sugar Nitrogenous bases are ATCG, vs. AUCG Double stranded vs. (with mRNA) single stranded
300
What are some types of RNAs other than mRNA?
What is tRNA, rRNA, small RNAs
300
Do anticodons match the template or coding strand of DNA?
What is template strand
300
a) Positive regulator of lac operon b) Negative regulator of lac operon
What is a) CAP, b) allolactose
300
Name three types of chromatin modifications that influence gene expression
What is tail modifications (acetylation, methylation), nucleosome displacement, nucleosome sliding, remodeling
400
What bonds connect the two strands of the double helix? What bonds connect nucleotides within a strand? Which is likely to be stronger?
What is What is Hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases Phosphodiester (covalent) bonds between phosphate groups and sugars in the backbone covalent bonds are stronger than hydrogen bonds
400
What are three post-transcriptional changes made to mRNA in eukaryotes, prior to export from the nucleus?
What is addition of 5' methylguanosine cap, 3' Poly-A tail, and splicing of introns
400
Alternate pairing that allows tRNA anticodons to match multiple codons
What is wobble
400
Conditions under which the cell has high levels of CAP
What is low levels of glucose
400
A protein that binds transcription factor proteins, to help mediate interactions between TFs and the RNA Pol II holoenzyme
What is a co-activator
500
Differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA? Name at least three
What is circular vs. in chromasomes What is nucleosomes/histones What is introns
500
Explain the role of mRNA hairpins in transcription
What is complementary sequence causes recently transcribed mRNA to become double stranded with itself, forming a 'hairpin'. This interferes with progress of RNA Pol, causing it to pause, and facilitating its disassociation
500
Bond between amino acids
What is peptide bond (covalent), made by peptidyl transferase
500
Explanation of why/how trp operon is regulated by tryptophan
What is in absence of essential amino acid tryptophan in food, trp produces it. When it's present in food, there's no reason for this metabolically expensive anabolic pathway to be on, which is why tryptophan negatively regulates trp operon
500
How might a mutation in an enhancer influence an organism?
(many possible answers to this) -change transcription factor binding, causing increased or decreased activation of the gene -could also be a silent mutation