Water and Hydration
Light yellow urine usually means this about your hydration.
What is you are well hydrated?
Which ion is primarily intracellular and supports normal heart rhythm?
What is potassium (K⁺)?
This characteristic makes free radicals unstable and reactive.
What is having an unpaired electron?
A patient presents with bleeding gums and poor wound healing. Identify the deficiency.
What is vitamin C (scurvy)?
Which bone cells are responsible for bone resorption?
What are osteoclasts?
Why can eating too much sodium make you dehydrated?
What is it makes your body lose more water through urine?
A person lowers sodium intake for 6–8 weeks. What physiological adaptation occurs?
What is taste adaptation to lower salt levels?
Explain how an antioxidant neutralizes a free radical without becoming unstable itself.
What is donating an electron while remaining stable?
Why does excess vitamin C pose a risk for individuals with hemochromatosis?
What is increased iron absorption?
Explain the relationship between bone resorption and bone formation after age 30.
What is resorption exceeds formation leading to bone loss?
A high-protein diet increases water needs for this specific physiological reason.
What is increased nitrogen waste excretion (urea) requiring more water?
Explain how potassium intake influences blood pressure regulation.
What is increased potassium helping reduce blood pressure by balancing sodium effects?
A smoker requires higher intake of this specific antioxidant vitamin due to increased exposure to free radicals.
What is vitamin C?
Explain why fat-soluble vitamins are more likely to cause toxicity than water-soluble vitamins.
What is storage in fat tissue leading to accumulation?
Why is peak bone mass a critical factor in osteoporosis risk later in life?
What is higher peak bone mass reduces risk of later bone loss?
Why might older adults be at greater risk for dehydration even with adequate access to fluids?
What is decreased thirst sensitivity with age?
A person consumes 4,500 mg sodium daily. Compare this to the UL and predict long-term risk.
What is exceeding UL (2,300 mg) and increased risk of hypertension/CVD?
Name TWO nutrients (vitamin or mineral) that function as antioxidants AND identify one food source for each.
What are answers like vitamin E (nuts/seeds) and selenium (fish, grains)?
A pregnant woman consumes excessive preformed vitamin A. Predict the risk
What is teratogenic effects (birth defects)?
A patient has low BMD on a DEXA scan. What condition are they at risk for?
What is osteoporosis?
A patient loses ~4% of body water. Predict TWO symptoms they are likely experiencing.
What are fatigue, dizziness, and headache?
Why does potassium toxicity typically occur only in individuals with kidney dysfunction?
What is inability to excrete potassium leading to buildup and cardiac dysfunction?
Explain how antioxidants protect the body from free radicals, and name one nutrient that performs this function.
What is: antioxidants donate an electron to stabilize free radicals, preventing damage to cells; examples include vitamin C, vitamin E, vitamin A, or selenium?
Differentiate between preformed vitamin A and provitamin A in terms of toxicity risk.
What is preformed vitamin A can cause toxicity, while carotenoids are generally harmless?
Explain how calcium and vitamin D work together in bone health.
What is vitamin D enhances calcium absorption for bone mineralization?