Vitamins
Which vitamin functions as a coenzyme component involved in catabolism and anabolism of carbs, protein, and fats? (deficiency is pellagra)
Niacin (B3)
What is being moved out of the cell in the sodium-potassium pump?
Sodium
What is the RDA for iron?
Women > 50 and men: 8 mg/day
Women 19-50: 18 mg/day
What is osmosis?
The flow of solvent through a membrane
What year was DSHEA approved?
1994
What vitamin deficiency can occur due to eating high amounts of raw egg whites and food sources include: fish, meat, seeds, eggs, broccoli, and sweet potato?
Biotin
What are risk factors for hyponatremia?
Excessive water intake (endurance events), exercise > 4 hours, low body weight, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (aspirin, ibuprofen)
Which mineral deficiency can lead to a goiter?
Iodine
Who are most at risk for dehydration?
Elderly
What are the active forms of vitamin A?
Retinal and retinoic acid
What vitamin deficiency (rare) can lead to nerve degeneration?
Vitamin E
What are the 5 electrolytes?
Sodium, potassium, chloride, magnesium, calcium
Which mineral functions to increase insulin effectiveness, may reduce insulin resistance, and is involved in the absorption and breakdown of macronutrients?
Chromium
Where are hormonal and neural messages sent to increase water intake?
Hypothalamus (brain)
What hormone is the active form of vitamin D that regulates blood calcium with parathyroid hormone?
Calcitriol
What vitamin deficiency leads to Beriberi and, in alcoholics, Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome?
Thiamin (B1)
What kind of solution does sweating an eggplant create?
Hypertonic
Which mineral functions as a cofactor for enzymes required for carbohydrate and cholesterol metabolism, bone formation, and the synthesis of urea?
Manganese
What hormone targets several areas (the adrenal glands, the hypothalamus, and the muscle tissue surrounding the arteries) to rapidly restore blood volume and, consequently, pressure?
Angiotensin
What are the three stages for the catabolism of micronutrients?
1. Glycolysis (glucose), beta-oxidation (fatty acids), or amino acid catabolism
2. Citric Acid Cycle (Kreb's Cycle)
3. Electron Transport Chain and ATP synthesis
What two vitamins help convert homocysteine to methionine?
B12 and Folate
Na - 3
K - 2
Which mineral competes with Zinc for absorption?
Copper
What protein is secreted from the kidneys when blood pressure is low?
Why is energy needed in the sodium-potassium pump?