Conduct problems
What is Oppositional Defiant Disorder
Pattern of angry/irritable mood, argumentative/defiant behavior, or vindictiveness last at least 6 months
Angry
Argumentative/ Defiant Behavior
Vindictiveness
How does the diathesis stress model work with regard to the onset of depression?
According to the diathesis-stress model of depression, stressful life events interact with genetic predispositions to bring about depressive symptoms.
what is Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) ?
a person experiences uncontrollable and recurring thoughts (obsessions), engages in repetitive behaviors (compulsions), or both.
extremely resistant to reason
leads to severe disruptions in normal activities
Age of onset 9-12 years
Antisocial Personality Disorder
a long-term pattern of manipulating, exploiting, or violating the rights of others without any remorse.
What is the difference between compulsion and obsessions in the context of OCD?
Recurrent, time-consuming, disturbing, persistent and intrusive thoughts, ideas, impulses, or images.
Compulsions
Repetitive, purposeful, and intentional behaviors performed to relieve anxiety caused by obsessions.
What is conduct disorder?
Definition: Repetitive, severe aggressive and antisocial acts that involve
Aggression to people & animals
Destruction of property
Deceitfulness or theft
Serious violation of rules
What is the typical age of onset for childhood bipolar disorder?
How do genetics and the environment interact to cause bipolar disorder?
-early onset (< age 13): more boys than girls
-high heritability
-If parent has BP, child is 5x more likely to have it
-emotion dysregulation + environmental factors (stress or negative family environment)
What is the difference between specific and social phobia?
-Specific phobia:
Extreme fear of objects or situations.
Subtypes: animal, natural environment, blood-injection-injury, situational.
Peak onset age 10-13.
-Social phobia:
Persistent fear of social or performance situations that expose the child to scrutiny and possible embarrassment.
Twice as common in girls.
Age of onset early to mid-adolescents; rare under age 10.
Reciprocal influence
Child and parent's behaviors influence each other
Panic attack vs paniC disorder
THESE ARE NOT THE SAME THING.
Panic attack - Sudden, overwhelming period of intense fear or discomfort with 4 or more physical & cognitive characteristics of the fight/flight response.
Panic disorder (PD):
recurrent unexpected panic attacks
Does not occur until age 18 or older.
What are the characteristics of children with life-course persistent and adolescent limited conduct disorder?
Life course persistent:
antisocial behavior continues through life
most likely to commit violent crimes and drop out of school
Lack self-control
-Adolescent limited path:
Puberty through young adulthood
less extreme antisocial behavior
stronger family relationships
What type of medication and interventions is commonly used for childhood depression?
-SSRI's found to be effective
-cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT): group or individual
-interpersonal psychotherapy for adolescent depression (IPT-A)
How does classical and operant conditioning contribute to anxiety?
-Classical conditioning: stimuli that represent danger are paired with non-dangerous stimuli. The non-dangerous stimuli then gain ability to elicit fear reactions
-Operant conditioning: fear maintained because the non-dangerous stimuli represent threats which they eventually avoid . Avoidance temporarily reduces anxiety, unrealistic belief reinforced, prevent fear extinction (fear continues).
Stress sensitization
Individuals exposed to childhood adversity will be more vulnerable to mental disorders from proximal stressors.
flooding vs systematic
Systematic desensitization
exposed to progressively more anxiety-provoking stimuli and taught relaxation techniques.
Flooding
must face your fear at a maximum level of intensity for an extended amount of time. There's no avoiding the situation and no attempt on the therapist's part to reduce your anxiety or fear.
How is gender related to expression of antisocial behavior (occurrence, type)?
boys: more physical violence, earlier onset, greater persistence
girls: more emotional violence. More likely to use relational violence & sexual risk taking
What are attempters and completer? What are the prevalence.
in the context of suicidality
-attempters: females > males
-completers: males > females
What is the difference between Separation anxiety or generalized anxiety disorder?
Separation anxiety disorder (SAD):
Normal from 7 months through preschool
Don't like to sleep alone
Beg parents not to leave
More prevalent in girls.
Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD):
"little worriers" excessive
uncontrollable anxiety about many events
Equally prevalent in girls and boys. age of onset 10-14.
Anxiety Disorder
Pattern of excessive and debilitating symptoms of anxiety in situations that pose no threat. Symptoms interfere with their daily activities.
What should treatment for childhood bipolar disorder include?
-goal of treatment is to decrease symptoms and prevent relapse
-no drugs are FDA approved for children <12
-train parents/youth in symptom monitoring & management
What is the difference between Behavioral activation system and Behavioral inhibition system ?
Behavioral activation system- Brain system that stimulates behavior in response to signals of reward
Behavioral inhibition system - Brain system that produces anxiety and inhibits behavior in the presence of fear stimuli and signals of punishment
What are the symptoms and characteristics of Major Depressive Disorder, Persistent Depressive Disorder, and depression
-Major depressive disorder: sadness or irritability OR decreased interest or pleasure in activities. Appetite/ weight loss of gain, insomnia or hypersomnia, energy loss, worthlessness
Onset age: Any time during adulthood. Before or after 2
-Persistent depressive disorder: more mild and chronic form of depression, prevalence rates lower than MDD, onset is earlier than MDD
Time requirement: More than 2 years
Double depression
Persistant Depressive Disorder + Major Depressive Disorder
Why is panic disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder different (PTSD) ?
Panic disorder (PD):
recurrent unexpected panic attacks
Does not occur until age 18 or older.
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
a mental health condition triggered by a terrifying event, causing flashbacks, nightmares and severe anxiety.
Selective mutism
Failure to talk in specific social situations
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