Glycolysis 16
The regulatory enzymes of glycolysis
What is hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, and pyruvate kinase
"Recycles" pyruvate and lactate back into
What is glucose?
What are the names for the TCA cycle?
TCA, Krebs, Citric Acid Cycle (CAC)
4
The mitochondrial enzyme transforms the energy of protons falling down an energy gradient into ATP
What is ATP synthase?
Net reaction of glycolysis
What is Glucose + 2 Pi + 2 ADP + 2 NAD+ = 2 pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 NADH + 2H+ + 2H2O
The first reaction of gluconeogenesis
What is the carboxylation of pyruvate to form oxaloacetate?
TCA cycle Step 1
Captures electrons and makes citrate from acetyl-coA and OAA
Where does FADH2 enter the electron transport chain ?
Complex 2
Active sites are located on which polypeptide chain of the F1 subunit.
What are the beta subunits?
How does glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAP dehydrogenase) lower activation energy for the reaction it catalyzes?
What is a thioester intermediate?
Compound specific to gluconeogenesis ( not used in glycolysis)
What is oxaloacetate?
Where do the loss of carbons happen in TCA
Step 3 and Step 4
Describe the impact of high and low levels of O2 on the ETC?
If there is a lot of O2 then the ETC will run just fine. However, if there is little or no O2 then the ETC stops because there's no where for the electrons to go ( not a final electron acceptor present)
If oxygen concentration is low you dump e- onto oxygen directly without turning it into H2O making superoxide which can be damaging
Purpose of ATP-ADP translocase
What is To move ATP into the cytoplasm
Why does glucose have an oxidation number of 0 while pyruvate has an oxidation number of 1?
What is the removal of electrons from glucose to make pyruvate?
In most tissues what is generated? Glucose or glucose 6-phosphate?
What is glucose 6-phosphate?
When is GTP produced in TCA
what delivers electrons to oxygen, and where does this happen?
Cytochrome C oxidase in complex 4
How do the NADH produced by glycolysis get into the ETC?
What is through the Glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle. OR Matale-aspartate shuttle
Glucose enters the beta cells of the pancreas through?
Key regulatory site in gluconeogenesis?
What is the interconversion of fructose-6-phosphate and fructose1,6-bisphosphate
How to make sugar from fat and bypass the decarboxylation in the TCA cycle
The glyoxylate cycle
Where does the Q cycle take place?
Complex 3
One molecule of glucose turns into ( at the end of everything)
The maximum possible yield is around 38 atp ( heart and liver) or 36 (muscle and brain) atp, depending on the shuttles used
All of the carbons turned into CO2 during the TCA cycle. Water is generated from the protons and oxygen at the end of the ETC.