Cell Communication
This allows bacteria to sense local population density
Concentration of signaling molecules
The G2 checkpoint assesses this
Success of DNA replication and if there are DNA or chromosomal errors
Crossing over leads to the formation of this
Recombinant chromosomes
The mitochondrial pathway is initiated as a result of this
Significant cell damage which is indicated by increased ROS production, DNA damage, improperly folded proteins, and others
Define germ-line cell division
ATP is converted to cAMP with the help of this enzyme
Adenylyl cyclase
In cytokinesis, this structure begins to form around the cells, allowing for the separation of the daughter cells
Cleavage furrow
Crossing over within chromosomes occurs at this specific spot
Chiasma (sl.)
Chiasmata (pl.)
Cytochrome c binds to APAF1 in the mitochondrial pathway, producing this complex
Apoptosome
Explain density-dependent inhibition
Cells inhibit individual growth of other cells when it becomes too crowded
Pathways that lead to the release of calcium ions from intracellular stores involves these two compounds
Inositol triphosphate (IP3)
Diacylglycerol (DAG)
Cyclin accumulates and attached to Cdk in this phase of the cell cycle
G2 Phase
These three steps in Prophase I of meiosis also occur in Prophase of mitosis
Chromatin becomes chromosomes
Mitotic spindle forms
Nuclear membrane breaks down
Explain why the cell does not suddenly rupture in apoptosis
The plasma membrane does not begin to breakdown until later in the process, reducing the chance of harmful substances from being released into the environment
The release of Smac in the cytosol during apoptosis leads to what?
The release of Smac inhibits IAPs which allows the apoptosis pathway to continue. If IAPs were not inhibited, it would cause for the apoptosis pathway to stop.
What two instances allow the cell to coordinate incoming signals?
Pathway branching
"Cross-talk"
Centrosomes move to opposite poles in this step of mitosis
Prometaphase
Genetic diversity is important for these two reasons
Allows populations of species to survive in face of major changes in their environment
Limits the probability of genetically inherited diseases
Write out the flow of proteins/receptors in the death-receptor pathway
TNF → TNF receptors → FADD → ProCaspase 8 → Caspase 8 → Other Caspase proteins → Death substrates → Cell death
How do scaffolding proteins increase signaling efficiency?
By grouping together proteins involved in the same pathway
Paracrine signaling
A chemotherapy drug called vincristine disrupts mitosis by binding to tubulin and interfering with microtubule assembly and disassembly. What major step in mitosis would not occur?
Separation of sister chromatids
Explain why there are only half the number of chromosomes available between meiosis I and meiosis II
Chromosome duplication does not occur again, resulting in haploid cells
What could occur as a result of failed apoptosis?
The cell(s) that failed to undergo apoptosis could gain mutations and have extensive damage that could then lead to cancer
What is the different between cell-surface receptors and intracellular receptors?
Cell-surface receptors bind to hydrophilic ligands and intracellular receptors bind to hydrophobic ligands