Protein Synthesis
Transcription takes place in the ______, while translation takes place in the __________.
nucleus; cytoplasm on a ribosome
Increasing entropy also increases-
disorder/spontaneity
The 2 main goals of enzymes is to-
- decrease activation energy
- catalyze reactions
ATP stands for-
Adenosine triphospahte
Draw the equations for CR and write what is beging oxidized, reduced, the oxidizing agents, and the reducing agents.
Right or wrong?
Order these from least to most complex:
amino acids, codons, nucleotides, mRNA, protein, polypeptide chain
nucleotides, codons, mRNA, amino acids, polypeptide chain, protein
Interphaseof mitosis is an example of potential or kinetic energy? Why?
Kinetic. Cells are still moving, growing, duplicating chromosmes, organelles, etc.
True or false: Hot temperatures are good for enzymes because it allows them to work faster. If false, WHY?
FALSE. Hot temps can denature enzymes, changing their shape and not allowing substrates to bind correctly.
How does ATP power the cell?
The breaking of the 3rd phosphate and becoming ADP
What are the 3 main steps of cellular respiration? What is an accurate description of the mitochondria (Hint: it is not the powerhouse of the cell)?
Glycolysis, CAC, ETC
The mitochondria is the site of oxidative phosphorylation
What is the initiation segment on DNA that will be transcripted?
TATA box
What is the difference between catabiolic reaction and anabolic reaction and where would we see thses taking place?
Catabolic reaction: yields energy when polymers break into monomers (Cellular respiration)
Anabolic reaction: absorbs energy in order build up polymers from monomers (photosynthesis)
True or False: Oversaturating an enzyme will always speed up the reaction.
If false, WHY?
FALSE, because oversaturating enzymes does not change the amount of active sites are present, so that will not change the speed of reaction.
At what site is the most ATP produces?
Mitochondria
Draw both endergonic and exergonic graphs and explain what they mean
Is it correct?
The roles of the Methyl-guanine cap & Poly-A tail of mRNA
MG cap is to locate the ribosome, tail is for lasting as long as it can in protein synthesis (both can work to protect the mRNA once it leaves the nucleus)
The higher the temperature, the higher the energy. Why?
The higher the temperature, the more movement of toms, releasing energy into the universe, and therefore increasing the total energy of a system
What are coenzymes? Cofactors? What do they do?
Coenzymes are organic molecules, cofactors are usually inorganic molecules like metal ions/trace elemets. They aid substrate binding and enzymatic reactions.
How does ADP become ATP again after the 3rd phosphate is broken off?
Undergoes phosphorylation to go from ADP +Pi to ATP
DRAW and explain 4 of the types of enzymatic reactions
Competitive inhibition, feedback inhibition, non-competitive inhibition, allosteric
The order of sites tRNA will "go through" in a ribosome
P, A, E (a tRNA will only begin in A-site if it is the tRNA binding to methionine)
What are the 2 laws of thermodynamics?
1. Energy cannot be created or destroyed, it can only be transferred or transformed.
2. Entropy/spontaneity/disorder is constantly increasing in a open system.
Cyanide is a type of ____________ _________ that binds to a separate potion of the enzyme, changing the shape of the active site so the correct substrates can no longer bind.
Exaplin why is ATP is important, what it is used for, and what would take place if we stopped producing it.
- It powers our bodies (muscle cells, cardiac cells, organ cells, neurological cells, EVERYTHING)
- It is used to keep us alive and retain energy from food and oxygen
- we become a closed system, and cell death ensues
Draw and explain the entire process of protein synthesis
Check their work!