Cell Signaling
This type of signaling involves cells that are close together with signals like growth factors being secreted to influence nearby target cells.
What is paracrine signaling?
This term refers to a group of cells that work together to perform a specific function.
What is a tissue?
This molecule serves as the blueprint of life and carries genetic instructions.
What is DNA?
This stage of the cell cycle involves DNA replication, preparing the cell for division.
What is the S phase?
This term describes a rare, random event that alters the base sequence of DNA.
What is a mutation?
This term describes a molecule that binds specifically to a receptor, often initiating a signaling cascade in the target celL.
What is a ligand?
These structures provide internal support and form spindle fibers during cell division.
What are microtubules?
Meselson and Stahl’s experiments confirmed this model of DNA replication, where each new double-stranded DNA contains one old and one new strand.
What is the semiconservative model?
During this phase of mitosis, chromosomes are pulled apart toward opposite sides of the cell.
What is anaphase?
During this process, DNA is converted into RNA, which is then used to synthesize proteins.
What are transcription and translation?
In signal transduction pathways, this enzyme converts ATP to cyclic AMP, which then activates other enzymes.
What is adenylyl cyclase?
These transmembrane proteins bind adjacent cells, ensuring structural continuity between them.
What are cadherins?
This enzyme adds RNA primers during DNA replication.
What is primase?
This protein complex attaches sister chromatids along their length until cleaved by separase during anaphase.
What are cohesins?
This type of mutation involves a single nucleotide change that results in the replacement of one amino acid with another and can lead to diseases like sickle-cell anemia.
What is a missense mutation?
This cellular process, a programmed cell death, is triggered by specific signals and involves the activation of proteases and nucleases.
What is apoptosis?
In animals, this component provides support and flexibility for epithelial tissues, often composed of collagen.
What is the basal lamina?
DNA polymerase adds new nucleotides to this end of a growing DNA strand.
What is the 3’ end?
A disruption in these cell cycle checkpoints can lead to loss of growth inhibition and uncontrolled cell division, characteristic of this disease.
What is cancer?
A mutation of this type occurs when a nucleotide change transforms a codon into a stop codon.
What is a nonsense mutation?
This second messenger is more commonly used than cAMP and has its concentration tightly regulated in the cytosol compared to the extracellular space.
What is calcium ions (Ca2+)?
This is the term for cancer than has begun to spread to other areas of the body.
What is metastatic cancer/metastasis?
This enzyme extends the ends of linear chromosomes in germ cells, counteracting shortening during replication by adding repetitive sequences.
What is telomerase?
The molecular control of the cell cycle depends on these proteins that pair with cyclins to regulate checkpoints and progression through the cycle.
What are cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks)?
This type of mutation involves the insertion or deletion of 1 or 2 bases, disrupting the protein’s reading frame.
What is a frameshift mutation?