Basic Endocrine
What cell in the pancreas secretes insulin? What about glucagon?
Beta cells- insulin
Alpha cells- glucagon
What are the two components of minute ventilation?
Breathing frequency and tidal volume
What structure in the heart keep the blood from moving between left and right chambers? What about from moving between the top and bottom chambers?
Septums stop left to right, valves control up and down
How does negative feedback work? Give an example
If something in the body is high, we lower it. If something is low we raise it. If body temp is high we reduce hormones that increase body temp.
The inefficient production of ATP!
List 3 hormones of the thyroid gland and their functions
Thyroxine- increase BP, HR, and metabolism
T3- same as Thyroxine
Calcitonin- controls blood calcium
Inspiration is active because of the contraction of the diaphragm
Expiration is passive because the diaphragm is just relaxing
What is so important about capillaries and what allows them to work?
They are the site for exchange of nutrients and gasses between blood and tissue. Their thin cell walls allow movement of particles.
The thyroid gland releases thyroid hormones. What is the process of control for the brain communicating with the thyroid gland to release these hormones?
Hypothalamus release TRH which travels between the capillary beds in the brain and arrives at the pituitary gland. The pituitary gland receives this signal and releases TSH into the blood stream which travels to the thyroid gland. The thyroid gland receives this signal and release thyroid hormones
Which has a greater influence on osmosis: particle size or particle number?
Particle number
List 2 hormones of the adrenal glands and their function
Cortisol- released during the stress response
Aldosterone- increased sodium retention
Catecholamines- increase metabolism, HR, and BP
Blood leaves the left ventricle and arrives at the tissue. What are the relative levels of CO2 in the blood and the tissue? What about the relative levels of O2 in the blood and the tissue?
O2 is high in blood arriving at the tissue, and low in the tissue
What portion of the electrical system is the pacemaker of the heart? What does being the pacemaker mean?
The SA node. Every single heart beat is generated by the SA node
Inspiration- diaphragm contracts and pulls down, volume in the lungs increases, pressure in the lungs decreases, pressure inside the lungs is now lower than the atmosphere so air moves in
Expiration- diaphragm relaxes and pushes up, volume in the lungs decreases, pressure in the lungs increases, pressure inside the lungs is now higher than the atmosphere so air leaves the lungs
What is Carter's dad's full name
What would be the effects of hypothyroidism? What about hyper?
Hypo- increased body weight, lower body temp, normal heart rate
Hyper- inability to gain weight, higher body temp, elevated HR and BP
Hypercapnia is the buildup of CO2 in the blood. Breath holding and exercise lead to hypercapnia
Which 3 places does the SA node send electrical signal and what happens when it arrives at each location?
The SA node sends electricity to the left and right atria causing contraction of the atria. The electricity also reaches the AV node which pauses to allow the atria to contract before the ventricles.
What were 3 functions of GLP-1/ GLP-1 agonists?
Decrease glucagon, increase insulin, increase satiety
What hormone is responsible for many of the changes we see in the body when we exercise in the heat?
Epinephrine
The constant release of which hormone induced a goiter in our rat experiment? Where is it released from?
TSH from the pituitary gland
Board question!! Write out the percentages of the 3 main gasses in inspired vs. expired air
Inspired- N2 ~79, O2 ~21, CO2 ~ 0.04
Expired- N2 ~79, O2 ~ 16-18, CO2 ~ 4
What is specifically happening during the 3 main parts of an EKG and what are the 3 main parts?
P wave- atrial contraction (depolarization)
QRS complex- ventricular contraction (depolarization)
T wave- ventricular repolarization
Walk through the conduction system of the heart and how that leads to the movement of blood in and out of the heart
SA- AV- bundle of His, bundle branches, purkinje fibers
more info needed
What is the name of the rate limiting enzyme in glycolysis? What enzyme builds glycogen? What enzyme breaks down glycogen?
PFK, glycogen synthase, glycogen phosphorylase