Plant form and function
When did a permanent primary endosymbiosis event occur in the ancestor of land plants via endosymbiosis with a cyanobacteria giving rise to plastids?
What is 1.6 Ga, the LPCA (last plastid containing common ancestor)
What nervous cells transmit electro-chemical messages throughout the body?
What are the 2 main parts of water potential?
Solute and pressure potential
Mitochondrion-rich cells that actively pump ions in ionoregulatory organs of animals that maintain optimal osmotic, ionic, and acid-base levels are called what?
What are Ionocytes?
Which part of the PNS stimulates fight-or-flight responses? Which restores conditions to normal?
Sympathetic= fight-or-flight
Parasympathetic= rest and digest
Intracellular endosymbiotic cyanobacteria that have a double membrane
What is a Plastid
Describe the difference between an axon or dendrite (Draw a picture of it labeled for +50 points)
Axon: branch on a neuron that transmit electrical signals from neurons to other cells
Dendrite: receive electrical signals from adjacent cells
Explain the cohesion-tension theory
Tension: water evaporates creating pulling, cohesion: transmitted through water molecules in xylem network from roots to leaf
List 4 of the 5 functions of kidneys?
Control RBC production, water balance, salt balance, pH, blood volume, activate vitamin D
What are the parts of the peripheral and central nervous system
CNS: brain and spinal cord
PNS: nerves, sensory receptors, muscles, glands, etc
Describe the difference between root and shoot apical meristems
Root apical: produces the root cap
Shoot apical: produces stems, leaves, and reproductive structures
Skeletal: Straited, multi-nucleated cells that pull on bones to cause voluntary movement
Cardiac: Straited, mono-nucleated cells, with intercalated disks, found only in heart that produce involuntary movement
Smooth: non-striated, spindle-shaped cells, with a single nucleus that produce involuntary movement
Draw a picture of water going through root cortex to xylem (include the 3 types of routes)
1. Symplastic route: through plasmodesmata
2. Transmembrane route: pumped through aquaporins
3. Apoplastic route: pumped through aquaporins
Describe the difference between osmolarity and osmotic stress
Osmolarity: concentration of solutes in solution
Osmotic stress: When the concentration of dissolved substances in a cell or tissue is abnormal
Define resting potential, what maintains it, and the normal resting potential (with label)
Resting potential: difference in voltage across cell membrane in a cell at rest, Na/K+ atpase maintains it, -65 to -70 mV
What is the difference between the 3 types of ground tissue (parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma)
Sclerenchyma: thick lignin that die when mature, main structural support
Collenchyma: Cells with uneven call walls that provide mechanical and structural support in new growth regions below epidermis
Parenchyma: Thin cell walls that store water, starch, and sugar, make up photosynthetic cells, center of stems/roots/fruits
Draw a cell and label the apical, basolateral, and basal lamina locations. Describe what apical and basolateral are
Apical: faces away form other tissues toward the environment
Basolateral: faces the animal's interior and is attached to connective tissue
Basal lamina: connecting basolateral side to connective tissue cells
What are the 3 parts of capillary action and how would you describe these parts?
1. Surface tension: pulls water up
2. Adhesion: water attracted and pulled up against gravity
3. Cohesion: holds water molecules in column together
What is deamination and why does it occur?
Deamination: metabolic process where amino group is removed from an amino acid
Occurs when body has more protein that using/carb and fat stores depleted
Draw an action potential and use it to explain the difference between excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters
Excitatory: depolarize the postsynaptic cell
Inhibitory: hyperpolarize postsynaptic cell and prevent signal transmission
What type of cells are found in xylem and phloem? Name 2 out of 4 elements of vascular tissue that were discussed.
Xylem-dead cells, Phloem- alive cells, Elements of vascular tissue: tracheids (long thin cells where ligning is absent and water moves through), Vessel elements (short and wide conducting cells), sieve tube elements (long thin cells that move sugar and nutrients), companion cells (cells next to sieve that load and unload)
Provide an example of dense, supporting, and fluid connective tissue. provide the definition of 2 of these
dense: fibrous firm but flexible extracellular matrix dominated by collagen fibers ex: tendons and ligaments
Supporting: distinguished by having a rigid extracellular matrix ex: bone and cartilage
Fluid: Distinguished by having a liquid extracellular matrix ex: blood
List the 3 steps of phloem loading. List the 2 steps of phloem unloading
Phloem loading: 1. protons pump to create gradients for protons 2. symporters bring sugar into cells 3. sugar diffuses into phloem
Phloem unloading: 1. Passive transport- diffusion of sugar 2. Active transport - antiporter move sugar into vacuole to store
3 types of filtration that occur in the nephron and short description of them
Glomerular filtration: forcing liquid and solutes through pores in glomerular capillaries
Tubular filtration: travel down through microvilli and reabsorb stuff
Tubular secretion: secrete toxins/substances directly into distal tubule
Define GABA and glutamate. Explain how GABA inhibits neuronal signal transmission
Glutamate: amino acid neurotransmitter that binds sodium transporters
GABA: amino acid neurotransmitter that stops neuron transmission by opening Cl- channels that increase neg charge inside
GABA inhibits by opening Cl- channels that increase neg charge inside postsynaptic neuron