Cell Communication
Name an example of bacterial quorum sensing in your body
Plaque in your teeth
Bacterial infections
-Any others?
Name an example of a somatic cell
(Any cell in the body excluding gametes)
What cells does meiosis happen in?
Gametes (egg, sperm)
Explain dominant and recessive alleles.
Dominant allele: phenotype is expressed in a heterozygous genotype.
Recessive allele: phenotype is only expressed in a homozygous genotype.
What do you use when you want to find the genotype of an organism?
Testcross
What is a ligand, and what does it bind to?
A ligand is a molecule that binds to another molecule, it binds to receptors.
What are the steps of interphase in order?
G1 Phase, S Phase, G2 Phase
How many daughter cells does meiosis result in?
Four
In the f2 generation, what is the genotypic ratio?
2:1:1
In what type of cell does the cell plate occur during cell division?
Plant cells
What are the 3 stages of cell signalling in order?
Signal reception, signal transduction, cellular response
What are the steps of mitosis in order?
Prophase, Prometaphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
What is a homologous pair?
One set of chromosomes from mom, one set of chromosomes from dad. The chromosomes carry the same gene types.
What is the law of independent assortment?
Inheritance of one allele doesn't affect the inheritance of another allele.
G proteins correspond to what cell-surface membrane receptor?
GPCR (G protein coupled receptor)
Explain an advantage of cAMP
Spread easily through the cell (small)
The concentration of it can be increased quickly
Leading to quick initiation of cellular responses
What is binary fission? In prokaryotes vs eukaryotes?
When single-celled organisms double in size and split into two identical cells. Prokaryotic binary fission = no mitosis.
Homologous pairs separate during...
Meiosis 1
What is the law of segregation?
Alleles separate aka segregate and end up in different gametes.
Explain haploid vs diploid
Haploid = 1 set of chromosomes
Diploid = 2 sets of chromosomes
What's a scaffolding protein?
A relay protein to which other relay proteins are attatched
What are some reasons why cancer happens?
Start dividing at random points, divides indefinitely, evades apoptosis, genetic changes, density-dependent inhibition not working
Anything else?
Sister chromatids separate during...
Meiosis 2.
What is the ratio of a dihybrid cross? (MENDELIAN HETEROZYGOTES ONLY)
9:3:3:1
How many unique gametes can you make with AaBb?