Respiratory System
During quiet expiration, what happens to thoracic cavity volume?
It decreases
What is the volume of air that can be forcibly inhaled after a normal inspiration?
Inspiratory reserve volume
Which blood vessel carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart?
Pulmonary veins
What are sodium, calcium, and bicarbonate classified as in plasma?
Electrolytes
What is cardiac output equal to? (What is the equation)
Heart rate × stroke volume
What fluid in the pleural cavity reduces friction during breathing?
Serous fluid
How does oxygen diffuse into the blood?
Pulmonary gas exchange
What layer of the heart contains cardiac muscle?
Myocardium
What is the first phase in hemostasis?
Vascular spasm
What part of the ECG corresponds to ventricular repolarization?
T wave
What structure connects the larynx to the primary bronchi?
Trachea
What type of epithelium lines the alveoli?
Simple squamous epithelium
What valve prevents backflow into the left ventricle?
Aortic semilunar valve
Which leukocyte is most active during bacterial infections?
Neutrophils
What happens during ventricular contraction?
AV valves close; semilunar valves
Which part of the respiratory system is known as the “voice box”?
Larynx
What percentage of CO₂ becomes bicarbonate in the blood?
About 70%
As arteries move away from the heart, what happens to their size?
They get smaller
What is the process of forming blood cells called?
Hematopoiesis
What increases with sympathetic stimulation of the heart?
Heart rate and contraction force
Airway obstruction can lead to what two conditions?
Hypoxia and respiratory acidosis
Sequence the gas exchange process:
O₂ inhaled, delivered to cells, used, CO₂ produced, and exhaled
Which part of the ECG shows atrial depolarization?
P wave
What type of blood has anti-A and anti-B antibodies but no surface antigens?
Type O
Sequence the electrical conduction of the Cardiac conduction pathway
SA node → atria → AV node → AV bundle → bundle branches → Purkinje fibers → ventricles