Cardiovascular 1
What are key symptoms of left sided heart failure?
Pulmonary congestion
Dyspnea
Weakness, fatigue
What are key symptoms of right sided heart failure?
Peripheral edema
Jugular vein distention
Increased blood pressure
What is a typical acceptable O2 saturation for someone with COPD?
88-92%
What is the best expectorant to loosen secretions in pneumonia?
Water
Guaifenesin may be used in conjunction to loosen secretions
Collapse of alveoli and/or small passageways of the lungs.
What is atelectasis?
What is the most common cause of Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)?
Atherosclerosis
Buildup of fatty deposits in the arteries causing narrowing of the vessel
What is BNP?
B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) is produced by the ventricles as the stretch in response to fluid overload from HF.
Its elevation is used to diagnose HF, especially diastolic HF in acute dyspnea.
What are some appropriate nursing interventions for a patient with COPD experiencing dyspnea?
Coughing and breathing techniques
Positioning (tripod)
Pursed-lip breathing
Incentive spirometry
Administer oxygen as prescribed
How is pneumonia diagnosed?
Chest x-ray
CBC
Sputum culture
Muscle pain, cramping, or fatigue during physical activity (e.g., walking) that resolves with rest and recurs with activity.
What is intermittent claudication?
What are some lifestyle modifications to prevent atherosclerosis development/progression?
Smoking cessation
Blood pressure management
Weight management
Blood sugar management
Regular physical activity
What patient education is important when teaching patients to obtain accurate daily weights at home?
Use the same scale with each weighing
Obtain weight at the same time of day
Wear the same amount of clothing with each weighing
What symptoms might you expect to see in pneumonia?
Cough
Dyspnea
Pleuritic chest pain
Crackles on lung auscultation
Fever
Malaise
What nursing interventions can help prevent pneumonia post-op?
Early ambulation
Incentive spirometry
Coughing and deep breathing
A type of atherosclerosis in which narrowed or blocked arteries reduce blood flow to the limbs, usually the legs; also known as peripheral vascular disease (PVD)
What is Peripheral artery disease (PAD)?
What is Cor Pulmonale?
Right sided heart failure caused by chronic bronchitis or emphysema (COPD).
Air trapping and stiff alveolar walls create a heavier workload on the right side of the heart.
This causes the right chambers of the heart to enlarge and thicken, causing right sided heart failure.
What are common causes of heart failure?
Hypertension
Myocardial infarction (MI)
Valvular dysfunction
What two conditions does COPD include?
Chronic bronchitis - Inflammation of the bronchi
Emphysema - Destruction of lung elastic tissue, leading to hyperinflation of the lung
When administering a bronchodilator and a steroid, what order should the medications be administered in?
Bronchodilator, then steroid.
The bronchodilator opens up the airway and lets the following medications penetrate into the lungs more deeply.
Medical procedure performed as a diagnostic tool and to alleviate respiratory discomfort by aspirating pleural fluid (effusion) or air (pneumothorax) from the pleural space.
What is thoracentesis?
What is angina? What is the difference between stable and unstable angina?
Angina is chest pain caused by inadequate blood flow, resulting in hypoxia of the cardiac tissue
Stable angina occurs with exertion in a familiar pattern, and shows relief with rest or with nitroglycerin administration..
Unstable angina has an unpredictable pattern, as well as poor relief with rest or with nitroglycerin administration.
What are some actions patients can take to manage heart failure at home?
Limit fluid intake to 2L
Restrict sodium <3g/day
Stay active, but don't overdo it
Take medications as prescribed such as loop diuretics
Take daily weights; same scale, same time, same clothing each day
What makes treatment of TB in infected patients difficult?
Poor medication adherence
TB treatment requires many drugs to be taken for at least 6 months
Patients may feel better before full course of antibiotics and stop taking them
Side effects of medication, need to abstain from alcohol r/t hepatotoxicity
What medications are used to treat hypertension?
Beta-blockers (Metoprolol)
Diuretics (Furosemide)
ACE inhibitors (Captopril)
ARBs (Losartan)
Calcium channel blockers (Amlodipine)
Symptom of many respiratory conditions; sudden constriction of the muscles in the walls of the bronchioles.
What is bronchospasm?