Chapter 23
Name the branching of the bronchial tree from largest to smallest
Primary/Main -> Secondary/Lobar -> Tertiary/Segmental -> Smaller bronchi -> Bronchioles
Name the 6 primary structures involved with the digestion system
Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestines, large intestines
What is the synthesis of larger molecules from smaller ones called?
Anabolic reactions
What is an infection of the middle ear called?
Otitis media
Name the 4 steps of inhalation
Diaphragm contracts and moves down
Volume increases
Pressure decreases
Air moves in
The trachea is composed of 4 tissue layers, what are they?
Mucosa, Submucosa, Hyaline cartilage, adventitia
What specific enzymes are responsible for the last stage of chemical digestion
brush border enzymes
What is the formation of glucose from a noncarbohydrate source?
Gluconeogenesis
Which clinical application usually results in a loss of voice?
Laryngitis
Describe Vital capacity
The maximum air inhaled and exhaled, not including the residual volume (not the full amount of air in your lungs)
Name the 3 types of cells in the alveoli AND what they function as/ what they produce.
Type 1 alveolar cells- Gas exchange and ACE
Type 2 alveolar cells- Surfactant
Alveolar macrophages (dust cells)
Name 4 functions of the liver
Carb, lipid, and protein metabolism, detoxifies the blood, removes waste product, stores fat soluble vitamins, activates vitamin D, releases bile salts
Which vitamins are absorbed w/H20 in the GI tract?
Water-soluble vitamins (B and C)
What is it called when air enters the intraplueral space (the parietal and visceral layer are no longer suctioned together)
Pneumothorax
Resulting in a collapsed lung
Name the 3 types of teeth and their functions
Incisor- cut
Canine- tear meat
Molar- grinding grains and vegetables
As the temperature increases, what happens to the affinity of O2?
Oxygen is released from Hgb resulting in less affinity
What is the correlation with acidity?
What are the 4 cells of the mucosa and gastric glands?
Mucous neck cells, parietal cells, chief cells, G cells
How many amino acids are essential vs non-essential, and what are the differences between them?
8 essential: needs to be consumed, cannot be synthesized
12 non-essential: can be synthesized by body cells using transamination
What is a build up of bacteria on the teeth/ demineralization called?
Dental plaque
What does the stomach secrete that is required for absorption of vitamin B12
Intrinsic factor
Name 2/3 factors that decrease airflow and ease of pulmonary ventilation by increasing resistance to airflow
1. Surface tension of alveolar fluid
2. Lower lung compliance (stretchiness)
3. Smaller airway size
Describe the flow of absorbed lipids in the body
Lipids -> lacteals -> lymph -> blood
What are the 6 MAIN types of nutrients?
Water, Carbs, lipids, proteins, minerals and vitamins
What is cholelithiasis?
Gallstones, either cholesterol or pigment
What are apoproteins?
Proteins in the outer shell of lipoproteins, and they combine with lipids to form lipoproteins