Chapter 11
This term describes the observable physical or biochemical characteristics of an organism that result both from its genotype and environment.
What is a phenotype?
This molecule is the carrier of genetic information in nearly all organisms.
What is DNA?
The process converts DNA instructions into an RNA molecule.
What is transcription?
This lab technique uses restriction enzymes to cut DNA at specific sequences and then separates the fragments by size in a gel.
What is gel electrophoresis?
According to Darwin, individuals that are better suited to their environment tend to survive and leave more offspring, causing this process to occur over generations.
What is natural selection?
According to Mendel's first law, this process separates the two alleles of a gene into different gametes.
What is the Law of Segregation?
The two antiparallel strands of DNA are held together by these specific pairings between bases.
What is A pairs with T and G pairs with C?
In eukaryotes, these non-coding sequences are removed from the pre-mRNA before translation.
What are introns?
The process of inserting a gene from one organism into another to produce a desired protein is called this.
What is recombinant genetic engineering?
One of the four elements of natural selection states that this happens when more offspring are produces than can survive.
What is overproduction of offspring?
This type of cross is used to determine the genotype of one or more parents based on the offspring.
What is a test cross?
This enzyme synthesizes a new DNA strand by adding nucleotides complementary to the template strand during replication.
What is DNA polymerase?
The region of DNA where RNA polymerase binds to initiate transcription is called this.
What is a promoter?
IN this technique, short sequences of nucleotides are used to detect the presence of complementary sequences in a DNA sample.
What is a DNA probe?
Structures that have similar form and position, but different functions in different species and indicate common ancestry are called these.
What are homologous structures?
When one allele does not completely mask the other and the heterozygote shows an intermediate phenotype, this type of inheritance is observed.
What is incomplete dominance?
After replication, this structure forms at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes to protect genetic material from degradation.
What are telomeres?
This type of gene regulation involves regulatory proteins that increase the rate of transcription when bound to enhancers.
What is positive regulation of transcription?
This method amplifies a specific DNA segment exponentially using heat cycles and a special polymerase.
What is polymerase chain reaction (PCR)?
What are analogous structures?
This principle states that genes located on different chromosomes assort separately into games.
What is the Law of Independent Assortment?
What is the Hershey-Chase experiment?
What is epigenetic regulation?
This cluster of techniques allows scientists to measure and manipulate the entire set of genes in a cell or organism.
What is a genome-wide approach?
This concept describes populations in which allele frequencies remain constant in the absence of evolutionary influences such as mutation, selection, or migration.
What is the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?