Endocrine
What is a hormone?
A chemical messenger that is released in the blood and has effects on target cells for a few seconds to several days.
What is the funtional unit of the kidney?
Nephron
Define depolarization
less polarized, less negative inside neuron
Where are the adrenal glands located?
On top of the kidney
What are the three hormones released by the thyroid?
Hormones that bring about opposite effects on the same physiological variable.
Distinguish between secretion and excretion.
Secretion: active transport of unwanted solutes from body fluid to filtrate
Excretion: Processed filtrate leaves body
What neurotransmitters are used in EPSPs and IPSPs.
EPSP: Glutamate
IPSP: GABA
1) neurons
2) glial cells
What part of the adrenal gland are epinephrine and norepinephrine relased from?
Adrenal medulla
Explain Calcium regulation in both hypocalcemic and hypercalcemic conditions.
1) Low Ca2+, Parathyroid glands release Parathyroid hormone, stimulate bone resorption, decrease Ca2+ excretion from kidneys, promotes intestinal upatake of Ca2+, INCREASE Ca2+
2) High Ca2+, Thyroid glands secrete Calcitonin, lowers Ca2+ by inhibiting bone resorption, increase Ca2+ excretion
Descending loop of henle.
What three channels are responsible for forming resting membrane potential?
1) Sodium Potassium Pump: creates negative net charge in the cell by by moving 3 Na+ out and 2 K+ in
2) K+ leak channels: K+ diffuses out of leak channels, creates greater net negative charge in cells
3) Na+ leak channels: Na+ diffuses in preventing the inside of the cell from becoming too negative (lower than -70)
What kinds of receptors do amino acid based hormones use? What kinds of receptors do steroid based hormones use?
1) aa use cell surface receptors
2) steriods use intracellular receptors
Explain the relationship between alcohol and ADH.
Alcohol inhibits the release of ADH, promoting urination, causing dehydration
Name the two hormones relased by the posterior pituitary and name the hormones sysnthesized and secreted by the anterior pituitary.
Post:
1) ADH
2) Oxytocin
Ant:
1) TSH
2) ACTH
3) LH
4) FSH
Compare the osmolarity of filtrate and blood during filtration in the nephron.
D. Loop of henle: hyperosmotic
A. Loop of henle: hypoosmotic
Distal tube: hypoosmotic
Collecting duct can be either based on the presence/absence of ADHCreate a flow chart that organizes all the parts of the nervous system.
Diagram communication at a synapse via a neurotransmitter.
Diagram from lecture
What additional ion is used in an IPSP? What does it do in terms of membrane potential?
Cl-, diffuses in and hyperpolarizes the membrane
Draw the thyroid feedback loop on the board including all the details from lecture.
double check labels, etc.
Explain each part of the RAAS system: what triggers it, what's involved, what is the final physiological response?
1) low bp
2) juxtaglomerular cells release renin
3) renin converts angiotensinogen---> angiotensin II
4) Angiotensin II raises BP by causing arterioles to constrict and signal to adrenal glands to produce aldosterone
5) Aldosterone causes distal tubes and collecting duct to reabsorb salt and water
Create a graph of what an average action potential would look like, including depolarization, repolarization, and hyperpolarization including the channels that open/close for each phase.
DP: Voltage-gated Na⁺ channels OPEN → Na⁺ rushes in; K⁺ channels still closed
RP: Voltage-gated K⁺ channels OPEN → K⁺ leaves cell; Na⁺ channels closed
HP: K⁺ channels stay open too long → extra K⁺ leaves; Na⁺ channels closed
Explain the relationship between the hypothalamus and the anterior/posterior pituitaries.
Hypothalamus acts as the chief integration center, producing hormones that are stored and secreted by the posterior pituitary, and secretes hormones that regulate the anterior pituitary ie, anterior pituitart DOES make hormones.
Name 2 tropic hormones. What endocrine gland makes them? What
endocrine glands do they target?
TSH and ACTH- produced by the anterior pituitary
TSH targets the thyroid gland
ACTH targets the adrenal cortex