Glycolysis
This is the location of glycolysis
the cytoplasm
This is the location of the citric acid cycle.
the mitochondrial matrix
This is the overall reaction of photosynthesis.
CO₂ + H₂O + light → glucose + O₂
This molecule is produced from splitting water.
oxygen
This phase includes G1, S, and G2.
Interphase
This is the net ATP gain from glycolysis per glucose.
2 ATP
This molecule is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain.
Oxygen
These are the two main stages of photosynthesis and where they occur.
light reactions (thylakoid) and Calvin cycle (stroma)
This enzyme performs carbon fixation.
Rubisco
This is when chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate.
Metaphase
This is why glycolysis requires 2 ATP at the beginning.
To make the make reaction thermodynamically favorable, "energy investment phase"
These are the two entry points for electrons from NADH and FADH2.
Complex I and Complex II
This molecule is reduced to store energy for the Calvin cycle.
NADP⁺ (reduced to NADPH)
This is the purpose of the electron transport chain in the thylakoid membrane.
to create a proton gradient to make ATP
These structures pull sister chromatids apart.
spindle fibers (microtubules/kinetochores)
These are the products of glycolysis (per glucose).
2 pyruvate, 2 NADH, 2 ATP (net)
This explains why FADH2 produces less ATP than NADH.
FADH₂ enters at Complex II (no proton pumping)
This explains why plants appear green.
green light is reflected, not absorbed
These are the energy requirements to produce one glucose in the Calvin cycle.
18 ATP and 12 NADPH
This is the difference between cytokinesis in plant vs. animal cells.
This is why glycolysis is considered anaerobic.
it does not require oxygen
This explains why ATP yield from oxidative phosphorylation is a range (32–34)
electron shuttle variability (NADH vs FADH₂) (Cytoplasmic NADH enters differently)
This explains why electrons must be continuously excited in photosystems.
electrons fall back to ground state and lose energy
This triggers cyclic electron flow.
lack of NADP⁺ (all converted to NADPH)
This is what happens at the G1 checkpoint.
the decision point (divide or enter G₀)