Classical Conditioning
Before Pavlov conditioned a dog to salivate in response to a tone, the tone was a(n):
neutral stimulus
What is the difference between classical vs operant conditioning
automatic vs voluntary
The three memory processes are:
encoding, storage, retrieval
Assuming an attractive person is also smart and kind is the _______.
halo effect
Remembering “HOMES” for the Great Lakes is an example of a _______.
Mnemonic
Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior
In classical conditioning, the diminishing of a conditioned response is referred to as:
extinction
To help Shabana learn how to write her name, her parents give her a tiny animal-shaped eraser each time she writes it correctly. The eraser is an example of a:
positive reinforcer
Explicit vs Implicit memories. Provide an example of each
Effortful vs automatic
Episodic, semantic
Associative, Procedural
Agreeing with the group to avoid rejection is called _______.
Normative influence
A student buys a protein drink because a famous athlete promotes it on social media. What is this an example of?
Peripheral Route Persuasion
When Isa's new babysitter was holding her, she tripped over a toy on the floor and stumbled, frightening Isa. Now, Isa bursts into tears whenever she sees the babysitter. In this example, the conditioned response was:
Isa's crying
Jane did not come home last night by curfew, so her parents have grounded her. This is an example of:
negative punishment
Studying over several days instead of cramming is called the _______.
Spacing effect
A manager assumes an applicant is less qualified because of their last name and ethnic background. What is being demonstrated in this example?
racial/ethnic prejudice
A student is being bullied in a hallway full of people, but nobody steps in because each person thinks another student or teacher will act. Name BOTH concepts.
Bystander Effect and Diffusion of Responsibility
Nairobi is a heavy drinker. The group of friends with whom they usually drink is likely to become a(n) _____ for alcohol craving.
CS
Hachi, who works full-time while attending college, meditates every evening because it reduces their anxiety. Hachi's meditation habit is _____ reinforced.
negatively
A student repeats the phone number “915-555-7821” over and over just long enough to dial it. What is this an example of?
Maintenance rehearsal
A student sees someone arrive late to class and says, “She’s so lazy,” without considering there was heavy traffic. What cognitive bias is this?
Fundamental Attribution Error
After repeatedly practicing a piano sequence over several weeks, a student performs it more easily and with fewer mistakes. Neuroscientists explain that repeated activation of the same neural pathways increased the efficiency of communication between those neurons, making future activation easier. What neural process best explains this change?
Long-term potentiation
What did Rescorla's experiment teach us about classical conditioning?
CS needs to be consistent
A pigeon is consistently reinforced with food for pecking a key after seeing an image of a human face, but not reinforced for pecking after seeing other images. By signaling that a pecking response will be reinforced, the image of a human face is a(n):
discriminative stimulus
Based on this model of memory, hearing one word can activate related ideas stored nearby in long-term memory. If I say beach, list several concepts that might come to mind first. What model of memory is this an example of?
Semantic Network Model
Someone strongly values environmental protection but frequently litters. To reduce discomfort, they begin saying, “One person’s trash doesn’t matter anyway.” Which concept best explains this response?
Cognitive Dissonance
Four-year-old Jorge was bitten by his aunt's miniature dog yesterday. Jorge now fears all small, four-legged animals. His fear demonstrates the process of:
Stimulus generalization