Chapter 8
What is intelligence?
Your ability to adapt, learn from your experiences, solve problems, and reason
What are the Big Five personality traits?
openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism
What was the essential finding in Harlow's research with monkeys?
Monkeys preferred the mother who offered comfort over the one that fulfilled survival needs (food)
What is it called when a person takes time off from the upcoming pressures of adulthood?
psychological moratorium
Name the two types of aggression and how they're used.
instrumental -> achieve a goal
relational -> aimed at hurting someone's reputation
What's the difference between fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence?
Fluid intelligence is based on information processing techniques (memory).
Crystallized intelligence is based on the cumulative information, like skills and strategies, that you've learned.
What's the difference between personality and temperament?
Personality is a person's characteristics while temperament is a pattern based on activity levels, sleep/wake patterns, and emotional responses.
Define social referencing.
The intentional search for information about others' feelings to help make sense of certain circumstances and events
Define race dissonance.
When minority children will express a preference for majority views/people
Name the three stages for both Kohlberg's and Gilligan's theories on morality
Stage 1: Preconventional morality
Stage 2: Conventional morality
Stage 3: Postconventional morality
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Stage 1: orientation toward individual survival
Stage 2: goodness as self-sacrifice
Stage 3: morality of nonviolence
What are the four big intelligence tests?
Bonus: Name the test developed to replace these that has "no" cultural bias?
Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale (5th edition)
Weschler Intelligence Scale for Children IV
Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale IV
Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children
Bonus: Raven Progressive Matrices Test
What are Robert Peck's three stages in late adulthood?
1. redefinition of self vs. preoccupation with work role (comes up when people retire)
2. body transcendence vs. body preoccupation (comes up when body is aging more)
3. ego transcendence vs. ego preoccupation (comes up when the end of life is nearing)
What are some accomplishments for emotional development in middle childhood?
can control their emotions more, become more in-depth at hiding their emotions from others, develop empathy, can understand their own emotions, develop coping skills
Explain the following stages of Marcia's theory on identity development:
identity achievement
identity foreclosure
identity moratorium
identity diffusion
identity achievement = has done some exploring and has made a commitment
identity foreclosure = no exploration , but has made a commitment
identity moratorium = has explored, but has not made a commitment yet
identity diffusion = has not explored and has not committed
Describe the following parenting styles:
authoritarian
authoritative
permissive
uninvolved
Which is the best?
authoritarian: warmth is low, demands are high, very strict
authoritative: balance between warmth and demands, a give-and-take relationship, rules can be bent
permissive: warmth is high, demands are low, children set the rules
uninvolved: warmth is low, demands are low, parents don't have a lot of interest in children, could result in neglect
Identify and define the three types of intelligence in Sternberg's Triarchic Theory of Intelligence.
- analytic/componential -> problems have one right answer
- creative/experiential -> using past information to generate a solution
- practical/contextual -> can adapt to things on the fly (street smarts)
Name, identify the prevalence of, and describe the four types of temperament.
40% easy -> open to new experiences, fairly positive moods, easy going, good sleep/wake patterns
10% difficult -> moody, not open to new situations, difficult to be consoled when upset, unregulated sleep/wake patterns
15% slow-to-warm-up -> some levels of good sleep/wake patterns, sometimes easy to console, will eventually warm up to things
35% infants that can't be easily categorized
What does the disengagement, activity, and continuity theories state?
Disengagement - late adulthood often involves a gradual withdrawal from psychical, social, and psychological levels
Activity - successful aging occurs when people maintain the interests, activities, and social interaction with which they were involved during middle age
Continuity - people simply need to maintain their desired level of involvement in society in order to maximize their sense of well-being and self-esteem
Name and describe the three periods in Ginzberg's Career Choice Theory. When in life do they occur?
Fantasy -> thinking about what job one might want to hold, not based on reality (starts in childhood and lasts until 11)
Tentative -> beginning to think more practically about what skills certain jobs require (adolescence)
Realistic -> people explore actual careers and consider what they can make a commitment to (early adulthood)
According to Goldman, what are the three stages of religious thought? Name the ages for each stage how kids in each stage think.
1. preoperational intuitive religious thought (up to 7-8)
- children don't really understand religious stories and will misinterpret them
2. concrete operational religious thought (7/8-13/14)
- will focus on details, will not think about the abstract (ex. lesson of the story)
3. formal operational religious thought (13/14+)
- can think abstractly, will understand meaning behind the story, can have opinions/come to conclusions about the stories
Name six of the eight types of intelligences based on Gardner's Multiple Intelligences Theory. Describe them as well.
Musical = can keep time, sing in tune, play an instrument
Bodily Kinesthetic = having the ability to use one's own body skillfully
Logical/Mathematical = somebody who is very good with numbers and logic
Linguistic = ability to use language (argue, persuade, entertain)
Spatial = ability to perceive the world accurately (can depict things graphically, can picture things in 3D)
Interpersonal = individuals who can understand people and relationships via reading people and knowing their motives
Intrapersonal = those who understand their own emotions and can therefore understand other people's as well
Naturalist = understanding patterns in our natural world
Identify the conflicts during each age period (Erikson's theory on personality across the lifespan)
Infancy: trust vs. mistrust, autonomy vs. shame and doubt
Early childhood/preschool: initiative vs. guilt
Middle childhood: industry vs. inferiority
Adolescence: identity vs. identity confusion
Early adulthood: intimacy vs. isolation
Middle Adulthood: generativity vs. stagnation
Late adulthood: integrity (ego) vs. despair
Name and describe the four major patterns of attachment.
Secure = child uses the mother as a type of home base, is upset when she leaves
Avoidant = children do not seek proximity to mother, children aren't stressed when she leaves and ignore her when shes returns
Ambivalent = children display a combo of positive and negative reactions to the mother
Disorganized-disoriented = children show inconsistent, contradictory, and confused behavior (show irregular behaviors such as freezing and fear)
According to Holland, what are the six personality traits? Explain which jobs would be a good fit for each type and why.
realistic: down-to-earth, psychically strong, lacking in social skills, work with animals/tools/machines
ex. farmer
intellectual: people who are good at science/math, can do abstract and theoretical thinking, like to solve problems
ex. scientist
social: like to work with and help people, good verbal and interpersonal skills
ex. salesperson
conventional: like structured tasks and orderly tasks
ex. secretary
enterprising: good at leading and persuading others, risk takers
ex. politician
artistic: good at some form of art
ex. dancer
According to Fowler, what are the four stages of spiritual development? Explain them and state the periods of life in which they occur.
Childhood: literal/concrete stage
- kids think that God lives in the sky and makes decisions
Adolescence: abstract stage
- may develop their own set of values and religious beliefs, can think abstractly
Early/Middle Adulthood: individuative-reflective stage
- will reflect on own beliefs, can understand that other people may have different views, may not accept very single belief of their own religion, starting to form a personal belief system
Late Adulthood: conjunctive stage
- individuals can develop a broader view of humanity as a whole, might move past religion to figure out what is good for everyone