Replication
Name the template, product, substrate and enzyme of respiration.
template: original DNA
product: DNA copy
substrate: nucleotides
enzyme: DNA polymerase
Name the template, product, substrate and enzyme of transcription.
template: existing DNA
product: RNA copy
substrate: nucleotides
enzyme: RNA polymerase
Name the template, product, substrate and enzyme of translation.
template: mRNA
product: proteins
substrate: amino acids
enzyme: rRNA
What happens to the FREE ENERGY in a direct burning oxidation reaction?
All energy is lost as heat
How much energy is LOST (in %) between trophic levels?
90% lost
What are the molecules needed to form a nucleotide?
Phosphate
Sugar
Nitrogenous base
What is the purpose of regulatory DNA?
Regulatory DNA is important because it receives signals through signal transduction to regulate if genes are expressed or not.
What helps translate an mRNA message into protein?
tRNA (transfer RNA)
Where is most of the energy that is produced and stored located?
NADH or FADH2
NOT ATP!!!
Where is CO2 fixed into small sugar molecules that will be used in photosynthesis?
Calvin cycle
What molecule is hanging out on the 5' end of a DNA molecule?
Phosphate
Different proteins may be expressed in different _____, _______, or ______.
Cells, times, or amounts
When an anticodon base-pairs with a complementary codon on mRNA, what type of bonds does it use?
Hydrogen bonds
Why is the net energy yield of glycolysis 2 ATP?
Although 4 ATP are produced in glycolysis, it also requires energy to start. So, 2 ATP are used in the process, 4 ATP overall are produced, giving a net yield of 2 ATP.
What part of photosynthesis is considered the "energy-generating" and which is the "biosynthesis" step?
H20 to O2 is energy generating
CO2 to sugar is biosynthesis
What is the semi-conservative model?
The semi-conservative model states that a parental molecule with complementary strands will be used in replication. This parental molecule then separates and each parental strand is now able to act as a template for DNA replication. Each daughter DNA is now composed of one parental strand and one new strand.
Where does transcription take place in eukaryotes?
In the nucleus.
(DNA to RNA)
What is the genetic code about?
The genetic code is ONLY about DNA coding (mRNA to Proteins)
IT DOES NOT INCLUDE REPLICATION, TRANSCRIPTION, OR REGULATORY DNA
What is produced with 2 molecules of glucose?
20 NADH (10 per one)
4 FADH2 (2 per one)
64 ATP (32 per one)
What photosystem is considered to be the strongest oxidant on earth and WHY?
Photosystem II because it is able to split water. Water is an oxidant itself, so it usually takes electrons, not give them up.
Why can DNA polymerase NOT initiate synthesis of a polynucleotide?
DNA polymerase is not able to add nucleotides to the 5' end, so it needs Primase to help begin the process.
DNA polymerase can ONLY add to the 3' free end of an existing chain.
What enzyme catalyzes RNA synthesis?
RNA polymerase
What accomplishes the correct pairing of tRNA and mRNA in translation?
Ribosomes
What does each step of respiration produce?
Glycolysis: 2 ATP and 2 NADH
Pyruvate oxidation: 2 NADH
Citric acid cycle: 2 ATP, 6 NADH and 2 FADH2
Oxidative phosphorylation: 28 ATP
Why are plants green in terms of light absorbance?
Chlorophyll reflects and transmits green light while also absorbing other colors of light.