Review from 3/1
What is the value of 1 standard atmosphere?
760 mmHg
When we inspire, the volume of the thorax ____ thus ____ pressure. When we expire, the volume of the thorax _____ thus ____ pressure.
Increases; decreases
Decreases; increases
What is external and internal respiration?
External: alveoli + blood exchange
Internal: blood + working tissue
Describe the components of a hemoglobin molecule.
4 peptide chains --> 4 globin molecule --> 4 heme groups --> 4 iron molecules --> 4 O2 bind to the iron molecule
What is the definition of Partial Pressure?
What three components make up the Respiratory membrane?
Type 1 Alveolar cells, Basement membrane, endothelial cell
Why does the pressure of O2 drop in pulmonary vein?
Drop is due to mixture of blood from bronchioles (deoxygenated blood) + venous blood
When would there be a linear curve in the hemoglobin saturation curve
if there was no positive cooperatively --> no affect from O2 binding to hemoglobin
What happens to the thoracic wall and diaphragm when we inhale and exhale?
Inhalation: thoracic wall increases and diaphragm contracts
Exhalation: Thoracic wall decreases and diaphragm relaxes
What is/are the function of:
a. The Conducting Zone
b. The Respiratory Zone
Conducting Zone:
Conditions the air, adjusts diameter of bronchioles, humidifies
Respiratory Zone:
Gas exchange
Explain the FEV1/FVC values in normal lungs, Obstructive lungs, and Restrictive lungs
Normal: 80%
Obstructive: 50% --> prevented from completely exhaling ex. asthma, bronchitis
Restrictive: 80-90% --> restriction of the airways ex. fibrosis
What are the PO2 values when the Heme group saturation is:
72%
96%
65% in right shift
99% in left shift
72% - 40 mmHg
96% - 104 mmHg
65% - 40 mmHg
99% - 104 mmHg
List all the percentages of gases that make up the atmosphere
N: 78.6%
O2: 20.9%
H2O: 0.4%
CO2: 0.04%
What are the accessory muscles of inspiration when:
a. Vigorous inspiration
b. the scapula is 'fixed'
Fixed scapula: Pectoralis minor muscle and Serratus anterior muscle
Explain how emphysema affects the lungs.
Emphysema destroys alveolar walls --> increase in compliance
Alveolar walls:
1. lose gas exchange
2. reduces alveolar tethering
- overdeveloped accessory muscles of ventilation
- increased distance between anterior and posterior limits of thorax
- hard time expiring due to bronchioles not being held open
Explain how a left and right shift occurs in the Heme group saturation curve
Right in working tissue due to: Higher temp, higher CO2, lower pH
List the structures of the respiratory zone and conduction zone.
Conducting zone: Nasal Cavity, Oral Cavity, Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Bronchi, Bronchioles
Respiratory Zone: Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar duct, alveoli
What are the muscles used during:
a. Inspiration (vigorous included)
b. Expiration (vigorous included
Inspiration:
Sternocleidomastoid, Scalene, External intercostals, Diaphragm
Expiration:
Elastic recoil of the lungs, internal intercostals, rectus abdominus, external obliques, internal obliques
Define the following Spirogram components:
a. Tidal volume
b. Inspiratory reserve volume
c. Residual volume
d. Expiratory reserve volume
e. Functioning residual capacity
f. Inspiratory capacity
g. Vital capacity
h. Total lung capacity
a. volume entering or leaving the lungs with each breath
b. at the end of calm inspiration, the additional volume of air that a subject could inspire
c. the volume left in lungs after maximal expiration
d. at the end of calm expiration, the additional volume of air that a subject could expire
e. volume of air remaining after calm expiration (ERV + RV)
f. after calm expiration, the maximal volume of air that a subject could inspire
g. the maximal achievable tidal volume (IRV + TV + ERV)
h. the sum of all four volumes
Describe the process of CO2 transport in the blood.
CO2 dumps into the plasma (10% CO2 dissolved) --> CO2 binds to hemoglobin (20% CO2 dissolved) --> CO2 + H2O form into bicarbonic ion by carbonic anhydrase --> Bicarbonate ion takes out H to turn into Carbonic acid--> Cl shift occurs (Cl goes into the RBC and carbonic acid leaves the RBC into the plasma) (70% of CO2 dissolves)
- This process happens in reverse when it goes to the pulmonary capillaries