Theories of Social Development
According to Freud's Personality Structure, the _____ is known as the earliest and most primitive personality structure.
The Id
James is a 12-month-old who exhibits physical contact and can use his mother as a secure base for exploration at home. What type of attachment is the child showing?
Secure Attachment
What are the three main aspects of the self?
Self-concept
Self-esteem
Self-identity
During what developmental period does ethnic and/or racial identity become more central?
Adolescence
T/F: As of 2018, only 4% of households in the U.S. consisted of a family structure of only one dad.
True
Psychoanalytic theory posits that children ages 3 to 6 develop this personality structure based on the child's internalization of caregivers' beliefs and attributes.
The Superego
Alex, a 14-month-old, looks frightened and tries to flee when their caregiver returns. What type of attachment style are they presenting?
Disorganized/disoriented
This is an individual's overall subjective evaluation of his or her worth and the feelings he or she has about the evaluation.
Self-esteem
During what developmental period does gender identity emerge?
2 to 3 years
The way in which family members interact through various relationships is known as _________.
Family dynamics
In psychoanalytic theory, the ____ is the second personality structure to develop. It is the rational, logical, problem-solving component of personality
The Ego
Parents of children with ______ attachment may be overwhelmed with tasks of caregiving and are inconsistent when reacting to the child's distress.
insecure/resistant
Emily, a 15-year-old who believes that everyone else is focused on her appearance and behavior. This is an example of?
Imaginary Audience
What factors can influence gender identity in early childhood?
Family, larger community and society/historical time in which you live in.
The number of people and relationships among the people living in a household is known as ________.
family structure
Albert Bandura's theory emphasizes observation and imitation. What is this theory called?
Social Learning Theory
What are some behavior characteristics of a parent of a child with insecure/avoidant attachment? Mention at least two.
Angry, irritable, impatient, aviod or rejects the child's advances for close contact and signals.
What do infants who successfully completed the "rouge test' by 18 to 20 months demonstrate?
self-awareness or self-recognition
According to Marcia (1980), individuals who are exploring possible commitments to identities but have not committed to one are in a state of _______.
Moratorium
Parents and their children are mutually affected by one another’s characteristics and behaviors. What is this interaction known as?
Bidirectionality of parent-child interactions
Albert Bandura emphasized the active role of children in their development, describing development as a _____ _______ between children and their social environment.
reciprocal determinism
Studies have found that children from the U.S., Canada, Taiwan, Peru, and Italy all use their mothers as a secure base when exploring new surroundings. This example proves that attachment security is ______ phenomenon.
secure attachment is universal
To examine cultural differences, researchers administered the mirror self-recognition test to infants in Scotland, Turkey, and Zambia, along with a second test known as the “body-as-obstacle” task. What did they find?
Children from Scotland did best on the mirror self-recognition test, whereas children from Zambia did best on the body- as-obstacle task. These findings make clear that cultural contexts can influence how children think about themselves and their environments.
According to Marcia (1980), individuals who have not committed to an identity and are not concerned about exploring potential identities. What identity status are they in?
identity diffusion
What is known as the process through which children acquire the values, standards, skills, knowledge, and behaviors that are regarded as appropriate for their present and future roles in their culture?
Socialization