Muscle tissues pt. 3
What are the three types of ATP production? What duration of energy is produced by each?
Creatine phosphate - short bursts (approx. 10 sec.)
Anaerobic glycolysis - moderate (30-40 secs.)
Aerobic respiration - long term energy
What is a characteristic of cardiac muscle that is unique to that muscle type and connects individual muscle cells?
intercalated discs
During elbow flexion, which muscle works as the agonist? The antagonist? The synergist? the fixator?
agonist (prime mover) - biceps brachii
antagonist - triceps brachii
Synergist - brachialis
fixator - rotator cuff muscles
Muscles of the upper mouth that are involved in elevating the upper lip include:
Zygomaticus major + minor
Levator labii superioris + levator labii superioris alaeque nasi
Levator anguli oris
Which muscles make up the hamstrings?
Biceps femoris (Lateral posterior thigh)
Semitendinosus (superficial medial posterior thigh)
semimembranosus (deep medial posterior thigh)
What is the process of angiogenesis?
Muscles that are frequently used build up more capillaries to allow more blood flow, thus increasing endurance
What is the difference between single-unit smooth muscle and multi unit smooth muscle
Single unit: gap junctions allow coordinated contraction as a single unit
Multi unit: fibers contract independently in multiple units
Which type of fascicle arrangement is present when fibers converge towards a single tendon? What would be an example of this?
Convergent fascicle arrangement; pectoralis major
The infrahyoid muscles include:
Omohyoid
Sternohyoid
Sternothyroid
thyrohyoid
What movement(s) are the rectus eye muscles for? What movements are the oblique eye muscles for?
Rectus - up, down, side to side
Obliques - rotation along an axis
What is the difference between isometric + isotonic muscle contraction?
Isometric - muscle produces tension without changing length
isotonic contraction - muscle changes length while producing tension
What is the purpose of pacesetter cells? Which muscle type are these found in?
Pacesetter cells spontaneously depolarize to trigger rhythmic contractions. Found in smooth muscle (they set the pace for contraction)
True or false: unipennate muscles have the least strength of all of the pennate muscles, but the most range of motion?
true
What are the three muscles that are included in the erector spinae group?
Spinalis
longissimus
iliocostalis
The glenohumeral joint is stabilized by which set of muscles?
Rotator cuff muscles
What are the 4 types of stimulation frequency discussed in class?
Twitch - single stimulus -> full relaxation
wave summation - second stimulus arrives before full relaxation
Treppe - repeated stimuli after full relaxation
Tetanus - rapid continuous stimulus (sustained contraction)
What is the regeneration potential for each muscle type?
Skeletal - limited but assisted by satellite cells
Smooth - high - has epithelial lining and grows via hypertrophy or hyperplasia
Cardiac - very limited - usually replaced by fibrosis
What are the criteria that can be used for naming skeletal muscles?
Location, shape, size, direction of fibers, number of origins, attachment points, action
What are the 4 muscles that work together to compress the abdominal contents?
Rectus abdominis
External obliques
Internal obliques
Transverse abdominis
Which muscles are known as 'boxer's muscles'
serratus anterior
What are the 3 main muscle fiber types? What is the Primary ATP source for each?
Slow oxidative - aerobic respiration
Fast oxidative - primarily aerobic respiration, but can use anaerobic glycolysis
Fast glycolytic - anaerobic glycolysis
What are somites?
A block of the mesoderm in which muscle arises from
What are the 4 suprahyoid muscles?
Digastric
stylohyoid
mylohyoid
geniohyoid
Which muscles make up the quadriceps?
Rectus femoris
Vastus lateralis
Vastus medialis
Vastus intermedius
What are hyper/hypotonia?
Hypertonia - abnormally high muscle tone
Hypotonia - abnormally low muscle tone