Justinian's Byzantium
Two of these enemies of the Byzantines were crushed, the other was paid off.
What are the Ostrogoths, Vandals, and Persians?
This concept describes the consolidation of spiritual authority and political power.
What is caesaropapism?
This term refers to divinely sanctioned struggle for self-betterment or self-defense.
What is jihad?
The Umayyad Caliphate was founded with this city as its capital instead of the Rashidun-favored Medina.
What is Damascus?
This city was built to serve as the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate.
What is Baghdad?
In addition to physical geography, Constantinople had three ways to defend itself against invaders. One is a weapon, and two are structures.
What are Greek Fire, the Great Chain, and the Theodosian Walls?
This term describes the act of destroying and/or banning the depiction of religious figures.
What is iconoclasm?
This event, commemorated throughout the Islamic world, marks the flight of Muhammad from Mecca to Yathrib
This term describes the successors of Muhammad and continued to be used after the end of his Rashidun companions (Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, and Ali).
What is a caliph?
The unfair promotion of this ethnic group over others was the driving grievance that led to the Abbasid Revolution.
This was the last official Roman document written in Latin, and its four parts would later become the basis of European judicial systems.
What is the Code of Justinian?
This temporary event occurred when tensions boiled over between the Pope in Rome and the Patriarch in Constantinople.
What is the Photian Schism?
This term is used to describe the protected status of Jews and Christians who live inside Islamic states.
What is Dhimmi, or People of the Book?
This Islamic state had a capital in Cordoba, and clung to the Umayyad way of life long after the Umayyad Caliphate was history.
What is al-Andalus?
This ethnic group, who saw their Golden Age in Spain during the 1200s and 1300s, proved to be an important intermediary between the Christian and Muslim worlds.
What are Jews?
Violence broke out during this event, sparked by the emperor's refusal to release prisoners during a chariot race.
What are the Nika Riots?
This emperor was the longest reigning in Roman history, and his reign saw pivotal events such as the Christianization of Kievan Rus and the slaying of the Bulgarian Empire.
Who is Basil II?
These two opposing terms describe what is allowed and what isn't in Islamic law.
What are halal and haram?
This Muslim Berber general led an unsanctioned invasion of Spain in 711, beginning near the Rock that bears his name.
Tariq Ibn Ziyad
This Abbasid caliph almost destroyed the city of Baghdad while battling his brother, and later went on to open the House of Wisdom to the public.
Who is al-Mam'un?
This disease is responsible for the massive epidemic that devastated Europe during Justinian's reign.
What is Yersinia pestis?
Constantinople became a major hub for trading and commerce, but placed its thumb on the scale when these critters were smuggled into the city.
What are silkworms?
These five fundamentals make up the Five Pillars of Islam.
What are faith, prayer, almsgiving, fasting, and pilgrimage?
This battle marked the end of Umayyad/Islamic expansion into Europe.
What is the Battle of Tours, near Poitiers?
This Muslim scholar wrote a medical encyclopedia that would become the textbook for medieval and early modern European medical schools and universities.
Who is Ibn Sina (Avicenna)?