Exam #3

Travel

100

A _____ _______ is the area over which am individual travels over its normal daily movements.

Home Range

200

The ability to travel to a particular place from unfamiliar locations is known as _______, whereas ________ is the ability to go a particular compass direction.

Navigation, Orientation

300

______ is a round trip, which includes movement to and from an area. ______ is a one-way trip to a particular location, but no return to original area.

Migration, Dispersal

400

______ ______ is movement away from the place of birth. This reduces inbreeding, overcrowding and competition with siblings.

Natal Dispersal

500

Give 2 benefits and 2 costs of migration. Also provide an example of a vertebrate from each lineage that migrates.

Benefits: Avoid Harsh Climates, Exploit favorable reproduction locations. Costs: Less time to reproduce, Survival and Energy costs are high Arctic Terns Whales Sea Turtles Sharks Salamanders

Color

100

____ is an inherited genetic mutation that results in the lack of melanin in various structures of the body such as the skin and hair.

Albinism

200

_______ ______ is a means to warm predators of toxic or noxious chemicals by the use of bright coloration. This is the opposite of cryptic coloration.

Aposematic Coloration

300

Name and describe the three types of color change that occur in vertebrates.

General - Fawn spots to adults having none Seasonal - Arctic fox - brown to white Rapid - Change pigment in chromatophores (Chameleon)

400

Describe the three different types of mimicry.

Batesian: The model is toxic and the mimic isn't Mullerian: Both the model and the mimic are to mix Martensian: The model is moderately toxic for a non-poisonous and deadly poisonous species

500

Name and describe the 5 types of chemical colors.

1. Melanins- blacks, browns 2. Carotenoids - Fat-based pigments, red, yellow, orange 3. Pteridines - Yellows and red in some amphibians and fish 4. Tetrapyrroles - Red color of blood and pinkish hue of humans 5. Guanines: Small crystal-like structures, produce silver color

Temperature

100

_____ is a type of seasonal torpor that occurs in the summer and in response to drought or extreme heat since dehydration would occur quickly.

Estivation

200

In some smaller mammals, non shivering thermogenesis is obtained via heat production in _____ _____, which contain higher levels of mitochondria and therefore can generate heat by oxidizing fatty acids.

Brown Fat

300

_____ occurs when environmental conditions exceed an individual's capacity for homeostasis. This behavior greatly reduces body temperature and rate of metabolism.

Torpor

400

Name 3 ways vertebrates reduce heat loss.

Sweat, Pant, Gular flutter

500

What must happen in order for a vertebrate to enter hibernation? Also, if arousing from hibernation is so costly, why do it?

Entrance: Decreased heart rate, decreased body temp, decreased O2 intake Why?: Decreasing temperatures, increase in blubber, low food supply, increased serum magnesium levels, change in respiratory control center, sensitivity to CO2

Foraging

100

Several species of plethodontid salamanders have a _____ ____ that utilizes retraction muscles that extend down to the pelvis.

Ballistic tongue

200

Several different species of fish and reptiles have specialized jaw and head movement, referred to as _____ _____.

Cranial kinesis

300

The screening mechanism that improves the ability of the animal to locate and identify specific food items is known as the ____ ____. These can be visual or olfactory.

Search image

400

Describe the Optimal Foraging Theory including benefits/costs and its components.

Forage in a way to maximize the ratio of benefits to costs. Benefits: energy/nutrition obtained, growth increased Costs: Energy or time expended, exposure to possible injury

500

Name the 4 parts of the foraging cycle, and describe each part.

1. Search - Active, ambush, saltatory 2. Pursuit - Lurking vs stalking 3. Attack - sideways attack or straight attack 4. Handle - manipulation, remove defensive structures, reduce size

Misc.

100

What is the difference between a territory and a home range?

A territory is guarded and protected, and a home range is an area an animal roams unprotected.

200

The ____ ____ ___ is the minimum metabolic rate under specific thermal conditions.

Standard Metabolic Rate

300

____ -____ organisms mature early, have many offspring with high mortality rates, and are short lived. ___-___ organisms mature late, have few offspring with low mortality and have long lifespans.

Fast-life, Slow-life

400

Name the basic message/concept of the "many wrongs" principle (don't over think it)

As a group of individuals get larger, the standard error for navigation will then get smaller --- there can exist a set number of individuals where the ability to navigate is at its highest, and adding additional individuals does not increase accuracy

500

Describe the following four types of cryptic coloration. Disruptive colors Countershading Cover-eye Disguise

Disruptive: series of bold blotches of color, called chevrons, break up outline of the organisms Countershading: Found in animals living in the open, dark on dorsal side, light on ventral Cover-eye: most conspicuous part of body for a predator to look, eye is covered by dark strip to blend, often false eye spot on or near tail Disguise: alternative to crypts is to resemble a common object, object typically not part of predators search image, and goes unrecognized