Definitions
Pathogen
disease-causing agents
Explain the events of Nerve Impulses.
1. Resting potential: difference in voltage across the cell membrane of a resting neuron: -70 mV
when a stimulus is strong enough to reach threshold (-55 mV) it depolarizes.
2. Depolarization:
Na+ channels open in membrane,
Na+ enter and change the voltage across the membrane to become + (+30 mV)
3. Depolarization:
Na+ channels open in membrane,
Na+ enter and change the voltage across the membrane to become + (+30 mV)
4. Reestablishment of resting potential:
K+ channels close,
activity of Na+/K+ pump restores resting potential
The primary immune response is:
a. faster than the secondary immune response.
b. longer lasting than the secondary immune response.
c. less effective than the secondary immune response.
d. due to the presence of memory cells.
c. less effective than the secondary immune response.
What are the 4 lobes of the Cerebral Cortex?
•Occipital lobe: processes vision
•Temporal lobe: interprets sounds, comprehends spoken/written language
•Parietal lobe: receives/interprets sensory impulses from skin
•Frontal lobe: initiates motor activity, responsible for speech, conscious thought
Which of these endocrine disorders is associated with the inability of the pancreas to produce insulin?
a. diabetes insipidus
b. Addison’s disease
c. Type 1 diabetes mellitus
d. Type 2 diabetes mellitus
c. Type 1 diabetes mellitus
Bacteriostatic
temporarily inhibits bacterial growth – so that they do not reproduce.
The respiratory system is divided into upper and lower tracts. Identify each of the following parts as being in the upper (U) or lower (L) respiratory tract. (4 pts.)
lungs -
nasal cavity -
trachea -
sinuses -
lungs - L
nasal cavity - U
trachea - L
sinuses - U
Each of the following processes helps combat infection except:
a. inflammation.
b. fever.
c. autoimmunity.
d. antibody production.
c. autoimmunity.
Explain the purpose of a neurotransmitter, like norepinephrine (NE) or serotonin (5-HT), in the brain.
chemicals made and released by neurons into a synaptic cleft; needed to pass an impulse from one neuron, across the cleft, to other neurons.
increase activity of 5-HT or NE in the brain
Hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary gland control the activity of all of the following glands except:
a. adrenal medulla
b. thyroid gland
c. testes
d. ovaries
a. adrenal medulla
External Respiration
gas exchange between lung alveoli (air sacs) and lung capillaries.
Distinguish between the central (CNS) and peripheral (PNS) nervous systems by giving the general body location and specific parts of each.
1) Location
2) Specific Parts of System
CNS
PNS
CNS: brain and spinal cord; receive, process, and transfer nerve impulses
PNS: cranial and spinal nerves in two divisions;
sensory division: carries nerve impulses from sensory division(e.g., touch, taste) to the CNS
motor division: carries nerve impulses from the CNS to effector organs (e.g., muscles, glands)
Which of the following is true regarding prion diseases?
a. They are caused by a deadly type of virus.
b. They can readily be treated with antibiotics.
c. They can be prevented by vaccinations.
d. They cause accumulation of misfolded proteins in brain cells.
d. They cause accumulation of misfolded proteins in brain cells.
What causes Disorders of the Nervous System
Trauma – physical injury to brain or spinal cord: Concussion
Infections – caused by viruses/bacteria that slip through the blood-brain barrier
Disorders of neural and synaptic transmission
Which of the following statements about glucagon is true?
a. Glucagon causes glycogen to break down to form glucose.
b. Glucagon secretion is highest following a heavy meal.
c. Glucagon promotes the uptake of glucose by liver and muscle cells.
d. Glucagon works with cortisol to lower blood glucose levels
a. Glucagon causes glycogen to break down to form glucose.
Internal Respiration
gas exchange between tissue capillaries and body cells
The immune system has a primary immune response and a secondary immune response. Explain why during the primary immune response we often get sick (i.e., we have symptoms of the illness) but in a secondary immune response we are better protected from getting symptoms of the illness.
Primary immune response: occurs on first lifetime exposure to that pathogen. characteristics: lag time of 3–6 days for antibody production. peaks at 10–12 days result: person typically shows symptoms of illness.
Secondary immune response: occurs on 2nd and 3rd (etc.) exposures to that pathogen. characteristics: lag time in hours, peaks in 2-3 days, much more antibody produced. result: person often shows no symptoms of illness.
Consider the following group of diseases: hepatitis, chicken pox, warts, and measles. What do these diseases have in common?
a. They are all caused by bacteria.
b. They are readily treated with antibiotics.
c. They are all caused by viruses.
d. They are very common in patients infected with HIV.
c. They are all caused by viruses.
A spinal reflex requires the participation of each of the following except:
a. cerebral cortex
b. sensory neuron
c. interneuron
d. motor neuron
a. cerebral cortex
Which two hormones most directly regulate lactation?
a. estrogen and progesterone
b. estrogen and prolactin
c. progesterone and oxytocin
d. oxytocin and prolactin
d. oxytocin and prolactin
Cystic Fibrosis
A defect in one gene causes lung cells to make lots of thick, sticky mucus
Explain the breathing process during the inspiration and expiration cycle. List and describe each step.
Relaxed state:
diaphragm and intercostal muscles are relaxed,
Inspiration (inhaling):
diaphragm contracts and drops down toward abdominal cavity; intercostal muscles contract, to elevate chest wall. these ↑ chest volume – which ↓ air pressure in lungs to below that of outside air so, air enters
Expiration (exhaling):
muscles relax, diaphragm resumes dome shape, intercostal muscles allow chest to lower, ↓ size of chest cavity – which ↑ air pressure in chest. So, air is expelled
Which of the following statements about viruses is true?
a. Viruses require a host cell in which to reproduce.
b. Viruses are very small bacteria.
c. Viral infections can generally be controlled with antibiotics.
d. Viruses are composed of protein only.
a. Viruses require a host cell in which to reproduce.
Which of the following would cause an acceleration of heart rate, an increase in blood pressure, and a slowing of digestive processes?
a. motor division of the somatic nervous system
b. sensory branch of the central nervous system
c. parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system
d. sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system
d. sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system
Different pitched sounds will result in stimulation of receptors located in different regions of
a. hair cells
b. round and oval windows
c. the vestibular apparatus
d. the cochlea
d. the cochlea