Mendelian Genetics
To determine the probability of events that cannot occur simultaneously
Addition rule
Alleles of genes on nonhomologous chromosomes assort independently.
Law of Independent Assortment
What is the effect of addition of methyl groups to certain bases in DNA?
reduced transcription
Negative Control reduces transcription when repressors bind to DNA regulatory regions called ______
operators
Expression of a gene at one location affects/alters genes at another location
Epistasis
What are the gamete possibilities from parents whose genotype is Aa?
AA, Aa, aa
Genes that are far apart on the same chromosome can have a recombination frequency near
50%
RNA interference by single-stranded _______ can lead to degradation of an mRNA or block its translation
microRNAs (miRNAs)
_______ accumulates when glucose is low
Cyclic AMP (cAMP)
What is the effect of Histone acetylation?
increased transcription
Two alleles of a gene pair that code of a certain trait
segregate during gamete formation and end up in
different gametes
Principle of Segregation
A human male cannot be homozygous or heterozygous for an X-linked gene, he is described as _______ instead.
hemizygous
_________ _________ regulates gene expression because the same primary transcript can be spliced in different ways to yield different proteins
Alternative splicing
Transcription and translation occur at the same time in Prokaryotes. True or false?
True
To break down lactose there are two requirements:
1. Lactose has to be present
2.Glucose should be in short supply (bacteria prefers glucose to lactose)
Recessive traits skip generations because of ______ – individuals that have one copy of the mutant but do not express the mutation phenotypically
Carriers
A _____ will never have any X-linked genes that could have come from his/her paternal grandmother
Man
Noncoding RNAs regulate gene expression at two
points:
1. mRNA translation
2. chromatin configuration
In positive transcription regulation, RNA polymerase can bind to the promoter only if a(n) ______ protein binds to a site near the promoter.
activator
Mammals handle the dosage compensation necessary in ____ by inactivating one of the two X chromosomes
females
You perform a cross between an individual whose genotype is AaBbCc and an individual whose genotype is AaBBCC. What is the probability the offspring will be AABbCc or AABBCC?
1/8
If there are 391 recombinants of a particular gene in an offspring population of 2,300 individuals, what is the recombination frequency?
17%
Regulation of gene expression can occur at 4 major points throughout the pathway from DNA to protein synthesis. What are they?
1. Regulation of chromatin structure
2. Regulation of transcription initiation
3. Regulation of translation initiation
4. Post-transcriptional regulation
LacI is a repressor protein in prokaryotes, which negatively regulates the lac operon, resulting in increased transcription of the lac operon genes. True or false?
false, results in decreased transcription
Deamination of cytosine produces ____
uracil