Cellular respiration
Put the steps of cellular respiration in the order that they occur: chemiosmosis, glycolysis, electron transport chain, Citric Acid Cycle, Transition step
Glycolysis, transition step,CAC, ETC, chemiosmosis
What are the 3 steps of cell signaling?
Reception, transduction, response
What does it mean when a substance is reduced?
It gains an electron
When and where does fermentation occur?
Occurs in cytoplasm, after Glycolysis if there is no Oxygen present to carry out cellular respiration
What is the result of signal transduction?
activation of cellular response in nucleus (nuclear response; gene regulation) or cytoplasmic response (e.g. enzyme regulation, cell behavior)
List the products of glycolysis and the transition step
2 pyruvate, 2 acetylCoA
What are the 3 types of signalling?
Direct contact, local signaling, and long distance signaling
What does it mean when a substance is oxidized?
It loses an electron
What is the purpose of fermentation?
Regenerate NAD+ so that it can accept electrons and allow glycolysis to continue happening
F: The same signal can have different effects in cells with different proteins and pathways
What drives the Electron Transport Chain?
H+ gradient created by electrons from NADH and FADH
What are 3 ways to terminate a signal?
Enzymatic degradation, diffusion, reuptake (though there are many more!)
Which substance is in the reduced form: NAD+ or NADH?
NADH
What are the 2 types of fermentation and what do they convert pyruvate to?
Alcohol fermentation (yeast cells) → converts pyruvate to ethanol and CO2
Lactate Fermentation (animal calls) → converts pyruvate to lactate
List 2 ways a signal can be terminated.
1. Binding of ligand is reversible
2. If concentration of signaling molecule decreases, signal terminated: Enzymatic degradation, Diffusion, reuptake
3. Other participants in signaling pathways inactivate or are inactivated.
What happens to FADH and NADH once they have dropped off their electrons at the ELectron Transport Chain?
They become FAD and NAD+ and are recycled.
What are the two types of receptors and examples of each?
Membrane-bound receptors: G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), Receptor tyrosine kinases, Ligand gated ion channels
Intracellular receptors: Hormone receptors
Which substance is in its oxidized form: FAD or FADH2?
FAD
Where in the cell do glycolysis and the Electron transport chain occur?
Glycolysis happens in the cytoplasm, ETC happens in the inner membrane of the mitochondria
What is the purpose of a signal cascade?
1. amplify a signal/ make a signal stronger
2. each step of the cascade can be used as a point of regulation
What is the final electron acceptor of the Electron Transport Chain and what does it form?
Oxygen is the final electron acceptor, it combines with Hydrogen ions to produce water
cAMP, Ca2+, and IP3 are examples of what kind of molecule?
Second messengers
During cellular respiration, glucose is __________ (oxidized/reduced) and oxygen is _________ (oxidized/reduced)
Oxidized, reduced
Pyruvate is the output for which step of cellular respiration? Pyruvate is the input for which step of cellular respiration?
Output: glycolysis
Input: Transition reaction
Which types of receptors use water soluble ligands?
1. G- protein coupled receptors (GPCR)
2. Receptor tyrosine kinases
3. Ligand gated ion channels