Ch.13: neural tissue
What does the CNS contain?
brain and spinal cord
The dorsal surface of the spinal cord bears this shallow longitudinal groove
Posterior median sulcus
Name the six major divisions of the adult brain
Cerebrum, diencephalons, mesencephalon, pons, cerebellum, medulla oblongata
This neural division of the PNS begins at receptors, carrying sensory information to the CNS
Afferent division
Name the two major subdivisions of the ANS, having opposite effects
Sympathetic and parasympathetic
The PNS is divided into what 2 divisions? What do the 2 divisions do?
afferent: brings sensory info to CNS
efferent: carries motor commands to muscles and glands
The segment of the spinal cord containing the cell bodies of sensory neurons
Dorsal root ganglion
Fluid-filled cavities within the brain
Ventricles
Common, age-related anatomical changes in the nervous system include
A reduction in brain size and weight; reduction in the number of neurons; decrease in blood flow to the brain; changes in synaptic organization of the brain; intracellular and extracellular changes in CNS neurons
Short preganglionic fibers are characteristic of this division
sympathetic
Name the 6 neuroglia and where each is located
ependymal: CNS
microglia: CNS
astrocytes:CNS
oligodendrocytes: CNS
satellite: PNS
Schwann: PNS
Tracts that carry sensory information to the brain
Ascending tracts
This motor nerve’s primary function is eye movement, it originates in the mesencephalon, passes through the superior oblique fissure of the sphenoid, and innervates the superior oblique muscle
Trochlear (CN IV)
Motor pathways usually contain what 2 neurons?
Somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system
Why is the sympathetic division often called “fight or flight?”
because an increase in sympathetic activity generally stimulates tissue metabolism, increases alertness, and prepares the body to deal with emergencies
Which receptor monitor the internal environment. Position and movement of skeletal muscles and joints. Information carried in somatic sensory neurons
proprioceptors
Name the three meningeal layers from superficial to deep
Dura mater – arachnoid mater – pia mater
Tracts that connect the two cerebral hemispheres
Commissural fibers
What parts of the brain are essential for memory consolidation?
amygdaloid body and hippocampus
what are the four primary tastes?
salty, bitter, sweet, and sour
What is the name of the action potential travels along the axon?
nerve impulse
Name the four major nerve plexuses
Cervical, brachial, lumbar, sacral
The sensory portion of this mixed nerve originates on the posterior one-third of the tongue
Glossopharyngeal (CN IX)
Sensory pathways contain first, second, and third order neurons. Determine which is first, second, or third
- an interneuron located in either the spinal cord or the brain stem
-to the CNS
-Carries information from the thalamus to the cerebral cortex
second order neuron
first order neuron
third order neuron
What are the 6 steps in the production of an auditory sensation?
1. sound waves arrive at tympanic membrane
2. movement of tympanic membrane causes displacement of the auditory ossicles
3. movement of the stapes at the oval window establishes pressure waves in the perilymph of vestibular duct
4. the pressure waves distort the basilar membrane on their way to the round window of tympanic membrane
5. vibration of the basilar membrane causes vibration of hair cells against the tectorial membrane, resulting in hair stimulation and neurotransmitter release
6. information concerning the region and intensity of stimulation is relayed to the CNS over the cochlear branch of cranial nerve 8