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Conducting Experiments
Manipulations
Measures
Definitions
Application
100
When a researcher informs the participant about the true purpose of the study when the study has ended, this is known as _______.
Debriefing
100
Presenting participants with different versions of a videotaped confession in order to study person perception is an example of a(n) _____ manipulation.
Straightforward
100
Adam measures the length of time two people spend gazing into one another’s eyes as an indication of interpersonal attraction. Adam is using which type of measure?
Behavioral measure
100
Floor and ceiling effects have to do with sensitivity of the __________ variable.
Dependent variable
100
Participants take part in a study on a new energy pill. The experimenter finds that when participants take the pill, they report higher levels of energy; however, she does not know whether these effects are real, or simply perceptions of the participants. The participants may be experiencing __________.
A placebo effect
200
A person who poses as a participant in a study, but is actually part of the experimental manipulation, is known as a(n) _________.
Confederate
200
John has a confederate pose as a participant in a study on group collaboration. The confederate follows a script, disagreeing with his fellow group members, in order for John to observe their frustration. This is an example of a(n) ________ manipulation.
Staged
200
Responses by participants to interviews and questionnaires are _______ measures.
Self-report
200
To disguise the purpose of a study, an experimenter may use ___________, or unrelated items on a survey.
Filler items
200
Dawn is testing the effect of temperature on text performance. She has one group of participants take a test in a room that is 70 degrees, and another group of participants take a test in a room that is 74 degrees. The two groups did not differ on test performance. What may be a reason why no effect was detected?
Too weak of a manipulation of the IV
300
Any feature of an experiment that might inform participants of the purpose of the study is a(n) _______.
Demand characteristic
300
___________ manipulations are more common, whereas ___________ manipulations are more expensive and time-consuming.
Straightforward; Staged
300
Dr. Johnson measures participates heartrate as an indicator of their level of relaxation. This is an example of which type of measure of the dependent variable?
Physiological
300
When simply receiving a drug or injection is enough to cause the hypothesized effect, _________ has occurred.
The placebo effect
300
Participants are randomly assigned to either receive a new diet pill or a placebo pill. The participants are unaware of which group they are in. This is an example of a _________ study.
Single-blind study
400
In an independent groups study, an experimenter should use ________ when assigning participants to groups to ensure the groups are equivalent on person characteristics.
Random assignment
400
In what situation should the strongest possible manipulation NOT be used?
When the manipulation creates an unrealistic situation, or is unethical
400
If all students received minimal scores for their performance on a test, it could be indicative of a _______ effect.
Floor effect
400
___________ occurs when experimenters treat participants differently in the control and experimental groups.
Experimenter expectancy/experimenter bias
400
A new drug is developed to reduce the symptoms of Alzheimer’s. Participants in a clinical trial either receive the drug or a placebo. Neither the participants nor the experimenters know who is in the experimental group and who is in the control group. This is an example of a ___________ study.
Double-blind study
500
A ____________ is a trial run of a study using a small group of participants.
Pilot study
500
A _____________ directly assesses if the independent variable is having the hypothesized effect.
Manipulation check
500
Tara has two groups of participants complete a puzzle. One group receives training first, and the other does not. To Tara’s surprise, both groups are able to complete the puzzle very fast. This could be indicative of a _________ effect.
Ceiling effect
500
____________ is conducted after a study to ask what participants thought about the study, and if they determined the purpose of the study.
Debriefing
500
Dr. Matthews has one group of participants take part in a self-defense class and another group of participants take part in a regular workout class. He interviews participants on their perceptions of safety; however, he unknowingly treats the self-defense group in a more positive manner, expecting that they will have more positive perceptions of safety than the control group. What problem is he experiencing?
Experimenter expectancy