BRAIN
What are the 4 lobes of the brain? What are their basic functions?
1. Frontal Lobe - motor
2. Parietal Lobe - sensory
3. Occipital Lobe - vision
4. Temporal Lobe - hearing/language/emotion
What are the meninges of the spinal cord from superficial to deep?
1. Dural Sheath
2. Arachnoid
3. Pia Mater
What is the difference between the primary motor cortex and the premotor cortex? Give an example of each.
Primary motor: allows conscious control of precise, skilled, voluntary movements (EX: throwing a ball)
Premotor: controls learned/repetitious/patterned motor skills (EX: riding a bike)
Mechanoreceptors respond to
touch, pressure, vibration, stretch, and itch
(1) Constriction of the pupils
(2) Relaxation of the airways
(3) Stimulation of the stomach and intestines
(4) Increased heartbeat
(1) parasympathetic
(2) sympathetic
(3) parasympathetic
(4) sympathetic
What are the meninges of the brain from superficial to deep?
1. Dura Mater
2. Arachnoid
3. Pia Mater
The anterior horn holds _________
The posterior horn holds __________
motor neurons
sensory neurons and interneurons
What is the difference between Broca's Area and Wernicke's area? What lobes are they found in and what functional area do they fall under?
Broca's area: formation of speech w/ tongue muscles, frontal lobe, motor area
Wernicke's Area: comprehension of speech, temporal lobe, posterior association area
pain-causing stimuli
(1) In the sympathetic nervous system, the preganglion is __________ and the post ganglion is
(2) In the parasympathetic nervous system, the preganglion is __________ and the post ganglion is
short, long
long, short
What are the parts of the brainstem and their functions?
1. Midbrain: Contains superior colliculus (for vision reflexes) and inferior colliculus (for hearing reflexes)
2. Pons: Relay impulses between motor cortex & cerebellum
3. Medulla Oblongata: Autonomic/Cardiac/Respiratory Centers
The dorsal root is a pathway for ______ to _______ the __________ horn
The ventral root is a pathway for _______ to ___________ the _____________horn
sensory neurons, enter, posterior
motor neurons, leave, anterior
The anterior association area is also known as what? What is its function?
Prefrontal cortex, is involved w/ intellect/cognition/recall/personality
Proprioceptors respond to
stretch
(1) What neurotransmitter(s) does the sympathetic nervous system use?
(1) What neurotransmitter(s) does the parasympathetic nervous system use?
(1) acetylcholine, norepinephrine
(2) acetylcholine
Explain cerebral lateralization (the difference between the left and right hemispheres).
Left- controls language/logic/math and right side of the body
Right- controls insight/visual-spatial skills/intuition/ artistic skills and the left side of the body
The spinal cord begins at _____________ and ends as the __________________
Foramen Magnum
Conus Medullaris at the L1 Vertebra
Primary Auditory Cortex: hearing
Primary Gustatory Cortex (in insula): taste
Primary Olfactory Cortex: smell
Wernicke's Area: speech comprehension
What is the difference between encapsulated and unencapsulated dendritic endings? Which type of receptor are they a subcategory of?
encapsulated: have a connective tissue wrapping around the dendrites, used by meissner’s corpuscles, pacinian corpuscles, ruffini endings, etc.
unencapsulated: have bare dendrites, used by thermoreceptors, nocioceptors, and light touch receptors
They are a subcategory of simple receptors
(1) In the sympathetic nervous system, the preganglion releases _______ which binds to a ________ and the postganglion releases ________ which binds to an _____________
(2) In the parasympathetic nervous system the preganglion releases _______ which binds to a ________ and the postganglion releases ________ which binds to a _____________
(1) In the sympathetic nervous system, the preganglion releases acetylcholine which binds to a nicotinic receptor and the postganglion releases norepinephrine which binds to an adrenergic receptor
(2) In the parasympathetic nervous system the preganglion releases acetylcholine which binds to a nicotinic receptor and the postganglion releases acetylcholine which binds to a muscarinic receptor
Walk us through the flow of CSF through the brain.
Lateral Ventricles (1st and 2nd ventricles) -> Interventricular Foramen -> 3rd Ventricle -> Cerebral Aqueduct -> 4th Ventricle -> Spinal Cord
Where are Epidural Anesthetics applied and why?
Outside the dura mater of spinal cord because if it reached the central canal with all of the nerves, it would result in paralyzation.
What is the function of the Limbic association area?
What is the function of the somatosensory cortex?
Provides emotional impact that helps establish memories
Receives sensory info from skin, skeletal muscles, joints
Complex receptors are used for ________
Examples: _________
special sense organs
Examples: eyes, nose, ear, tongue
What are the 3 major types of adrenergic receptors and where in the body are they present?
(1) Alpha: Digestive tract, Arterioles and veins
(2) Beta 1: Heart
(3) Beta 2: Digestive tract, Arterioles and veins, Lungs