Urinary System 1
What is the function of the afferent and efferent arterioles?
afferent - bring blood into the glomerulus
efferent - leave the glomerulus (take big proteins with it)
What are podocytes?
cells on the glomerular capillaries that let small ions through into the glomerular capsule (bowmans capsule) but not big proteins
Define osmolality
If there is a decrease in osmolality, what will that do to thirst?
the concentration of solutes in a substance
decrease osmolality decreases the feeling of thirst
What are the two main elements we regulate with electrolyte balance?
sodium and potassium
What is the normal pH of arterial blood?
Define alkalosis and acidosis
7.4
alkalosis - greater than 7.4
acidosis - less than 7.4
What is a common Glomerular Filtration Rate?
120 - 125 ml/min
What is the difference between the peritubular capillaries and the vasa recta?
peritubular capillaries - cortex region
vasa recta - medulla region
What is the difference between solute and solvent?
What is the difference between ICF and ECF?
solute - being dissolved
solvent - does the dissolving
ICF - fluid inside the cell
ECF - fluid outside the cell
What substance decreases BP and excretes Na+ and water to help regulate electrolytes?
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)
In order to maintain acid-base balance, the renal regulation system will tell the kidneys to excrete ______ if there is an increase in acidity
HCO3- (bicarbonate)
What are the 3 supportive tissues surrounding the kidney in order of deepest to most superficial?
renal fascia, perirenal fat capsule, fibrous capsule
Draw and label the kidney, include the following:
- hilum
- cortex
- medulla
- pyramids
- major/minor calyx
- renal pelvis
(picture in slides)
List the types of water input and output
Water output:
- feces
- urine
- perspiration
- insensible water loss (skin and lungs)
Water input:
- food
- beverages
- metabolism
If we have high levels of K+, we will secrete ______ to _______ K+ by doing what?
If we have high levels of K+, we will secrete aldosterone to excrete K+ by peeing it out
What are the 3 main chemical buffer systems?
bicarbonate buffer system
phosphate buffer system
protein buffer system
What are the 3 main cell types in the JGC and what are their functions?
macula densa - chemoreceptors sense NaCl content of filtrate
granular - measure pressure in afferent arteriole
extraglomerular mesangial - relay info between the 2 other cell types
List 4 functions of the kidney
- regulate total water volume
- regulate solute concentration
- ensure acid-base balance
- excrete metabolic waste
- produce erythropoietin
- regulate BP via renin
- activate vitamin D
List and explain the 3 main disorders with water balance (tell what happens at the level of the cell)
Dehydration - cell shrinks bc not enough water
Hypotonic Hydration - cell swells bc too much water
Edema - swelling outside the cell (in tissue)
Define:
Hyponatremia
Hypernatremia
Hypokalemia
Hyperkalemia
Hyponatremia - low Na in blood
Hypernatremia - high Na in blood
Hypokalemia - low K in blood
Hyperkalemia - high K in blood
Explain respiratory and renal compensation
if one system isn't working enough, the other will try to compensate for it
(if respiratory system can't fix the acidity, the renal system will be stimulated, vice versa)
Draw, label, and explain the process of making filtrate (start at the afferent arterioles and end with the collecting duct)
- afferent arterioles bring blood into glomerulus
- small ions are pushed through podocytes
- big proteins are prevented and leave through efferent arterioles
- small ions build in bowmans capsule
- go through PCT, nephron loop, and DCT
- absorption and secretion
- empty into collecting duct
Explain this picture to me in detail (in slides)
(in slides)
How does ADH play a role in fluid balance?
If there is an increase in solutes, the hypothalamic osmoreceptors will sense this and tell the body to release ADH which reabsorbs water to decrease osmolality and increase plasma volume
How do aldosterone and angiotensin II help regulate electrolytes if there is a decrease in Na or an increase in K?
- decrease in Na or increase in K
- triggers renin release
- creates angiotensin II
- tells the adrenal gland to release aldosterone
- stimulates Na reabsorption and K secretion
- increases Na and decreases K
How does the respiratory regulation of H+ work if there is an increase in H+ or PCO2?
- increase in H+ or PCO2
- sensed by medullary chemoreceptors
- tell us to breathe deeper and faster to exhale CO2/H+ making blood less acidic