Chapter 29- Fungi
What is a Lichen and how do they reproduce?
A colony of algae or cyanobacteria that lives symbiotically among fungi. They can reproduce sexually or asexually, but mostly asexually when they break off into bits and get carried away to other areas and begin growing.
What was the Cambrian explosion? When did it occur? What phyla were represented?
Rapid diversification of ALL major animal body plans
580-250 MYA
Diffusion vs Osmosis
Active vs passive transport
Diffusion is the movement of substances from a high concentration to a low concentration
Osmosis is the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane from areas of higher water concentration to areas of lower water concentration
Active- membrane proteins act as pumps and use ATP
Passive- via channels or transmembrane proteins that act as carriers
Name the 2 deuterostome phyla
DOUBLE POINTS::::What is the third phylum not a part of Porter's top 11?
Echinodermata
Chordata
Hemichordata(acorn worms)
3 problems associated with large animal size
1. need to distribute nutrients from the digestive system to the tissues
2. need to eliminate metabolic wastes (urea) from cells
3. require oxygen for aerobic respiration and produce co2 that needs to be removed
Example of a fungal pathogen in humans?
4 categories of mushroom toxins and their symptoms?
Athletes foot
1. Protoplasmic: Delayed symptoms, seizures, vomiting, death
2. Neurological: neurological disorders
3. Gastrointestinal: nausea, diarrhea
4. Disulfiram: headache, nausea, cardiovascular problems when consumed 72 hours before alcohol (women would give to husband to catch them cheating)
2 types of predation
Active hunting, sit and wait
Marine Fish vs Freshwater fish vs Shark
Marine Fish: hyposmotic: drink a lot
Freshwater fish: hyperosmotic : pee a lot
Shark: isosmotic
What 6 key innovations led to the diversification of vertebrates?
Notochord, jaw, limbs, amniotic egg, endothermy, placenta
define ventilation vs respiration
How does circulation relate to respiration and ventilation?
compare ventilation in a mammal to an insect
ventilation: movement if air or water through lungs or gills
respiration: cells use of o2 and production of co2 in mitochondria
circulation is the transportation of dissolved gases throughout the circulatory system
gases must be circulated to ensure the production of ATP
Mammals inhale by lowering diaphragm and exhale passively
insects use muscles in abdomen to push air in and out
Name and describe the 3 types of symbiotic relationships between fungi and green plants?
And
What are the two major growth forms of fungi?
Mycorrhyzae: fungi and roots of land plants allow for faster growth
Lichens: nitrogen fixation, soil formation
Parasites cause major damage to crops and trees
Single celled yeasts, multicellular filamentous forms
2 types of parasites
Ectoparasite: outside the host
Endoparasite: inside the host
What organisms don't need to osmoregulate? why?
What do insects and land plants have in common?
4 adaptaions of desert insects in order to conserve H2O
Insects because they have Malpighian tubes
Waxy cuticle and pores that open and allow water in and out
1. Malpighian tubes
2. Exoskeletons forms a waxy cuticle
3. Trachea open and close pores
4. hind gut reabsorbs H2O
Name the first 3 of Porter's top 11
(neither protosome or deuterosome)
1. Phylum Porifera- Sponges
2. Phylum Ctenophora- Comb Jellies
3. Phylum Cnidaria- Jellyfish, Anemones, Corals
Explain an open circulatory system
Explain a closed circulatory system
heart pumps lemolymph through arteries, which are open-ended ended so it goes through the body
for organisms with low metabolic demands
heart pumps blood through closed vascular system composed of arteries, capillaries, and veins
for organisms with higher metabolic demands
Name the four reproductive groups of fungi and explain what they are, and give an example for each. Which ones are monophyletic?
Chytridiomycota: makes swimming gametes and spores (water mold)
Zygomycota: hyphae yoke together forming zygotes (bread mold)
Basidiomycota: forms spores on Basidia (typical mushroom) monophyletic
Ascomycota: forms spores on asci sacs (yeast) monophyletic
5 feeding strategies of animals. Give example of each
Suspension: filter feeder (clam)
Deposit: feeds on material on the ground (earthworm)
Herbivory: eats plants: (rabbit)
Predation: carnivores (spider)
Parasite: feeds off host (lice)
Steps in a shark's Renal gland and how does it help our understanding of human disease?
1. Na/K active transport pump
2. Na/Cl/K cotransporter brings these ions from the extracellular fluid to the skin cells
3. K/Cl diffuse out of skin cells
4. Na diffuses into the lumen
Name the 6 Protostomes in Porter's top 11
4. Rotifera- Rotifers
5. Platyhelminthes- Flatworms
6. Annelida- Segmented worms
7. Mollusca- Molluscs
8. Nematoda- Roundworms
9. Arthropoda- Arthropods
Compare the structure and function of arteries and veins
Compare the heart structure and circulatory systems between vertebrates.
arteries-carry blood away from heart, high pressure, thick walls
veins-return blood to heart, low pressure, thin walls, valves to prevent backflow, large diameter
start with 2 chambered heart in fish and inc to 4
start with one circuit loop system and go to 2
Define EMF and AMF
What plants are they associated with?
What do they receive from their host plants?
What do they provide to their host plants?
What major class does AMF belong to?
What major group does EMF belong to?
Define EMF and AMF
EMF: wraps around the roots and in between the plant cells without entering the cell walls of the plant roots
AMF: grows into the cells of the plant root and is in direct contact with the plasma membrane of the plant cell.
What plants are they associated with?
AMF: tropical, fossil root cells
EMF: temperate northern trees
What do they receive from their host plants?
AMF: sugars, reduced carbon compounds
EMF: sugars, complex carbon compounds
What do they provide to their host plants?
AMF: Phosphorus
EMF: Phosphate, Nitrogen
What major class does AMF belong to?
Glomeromycota
What major group does EMF belong to?
Basidiomycetes
4 major aspects of the animal body plan? explain and say each option
Tissue: Diploblast, Triploblast, Neither
Body Symmetry: Asymmetrical, Radial, bilateral
Coelom: present or not present
Protostome, Deuterostome
What is the function unit of tha mammalian kidney?
What is the structure of the Renal Corpuscle?
3 parts of the loop of henle...explain
why is the loop of henle a loop
What is ADH and how does it regulate the collecting duct of the kidney
Nephron
Bowmans capsule(filtration), glomerulus
Descending limb: H2O out
Thin Ascending limb: Na/Cl passive transport out
Thick Ascending limb:Na/Cl active transport out
Counter current: maximizes the transfer of soluble substances and sets up an osmotic gradient
ADH is the antidiuretic hormone. It is released from the posterior pituitary gland when we are dehydrated. It helps by making the urine more concentrated by decreasing the volume and preserving H2O
What developmental features unite protostomes?
protosome development, triploblasty, coelom, bilateral symmetry
How is homeostasis of bp maintained?
What types of drugs are used to treat hypertension?
What is hypertension?
-sensor to detect change (baroreceptors)
-integrator to process information about change
-response (cardiac output change)
blood thinner, beta blocker, calcium channel blocker, diuretic, angiotension receptor blocker
high bp