Hypersensitivities
Anaphylactic reactions are termed Type __ reactions.
These are Type 1 Reactions
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) depends on WHAT enzyme for amplifying DNAs?
DNA Polymerase (Taq)
What are the ways antibacterial drugs can kill or impair target cells?
Drugs can target:
Cell Wall Synthesis
Plasma Membrane
Nucleic Acids
Protein synthesis machinery
Folic acid synthesis
What is an autoimmune disorder?
This occurs when the immune system attacks itself due to lack of self-tolerance.
How does someone get a PRIMARY immunodeficiency?
This is something they are born with.
Which type of hypersensitivity takes the longest to show a reaction?
Delayed (Type 4)-- 12-48 hours onset time
The universal blood donor is _________.
O-
Beta-lactam drugs, like penicillins, block__________.
Transpeptidation
What are histamines?
Pro-inflammatory signaling molecules that are released by leukocytes like Mast Cells or Eosinophils.
What is herd immunity?
Vaccinate a majority of people in a population will convey protection to those who cannot receive the vaccine by limiting spread of the disease.
Which hypersensitivity reaction relies on the activity of IgE antibodies?
Type 1
A pregnancy test is an example of what kind of diagnostic test?
Sandwich ELISAs
How does Vancomycin kill bacterial cells?
it targets the cell wall -- this is NOT a beta-lactam drug
What is Empiric Theory?
Treatment based on clinical presentation in absence of definitive or complete pathogen dentification
An antimicrobial drug that does not kill bacteria, but prevents it from replicating is termed _______.
Bacteriostatic.
Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn is an example of what type of hypersensitivtiy?
Type 2 (just like blood transfusion rejection-- hemolytic transfusion reactions)
What are restriction enzymes?
These are enzymes which cut DNA... they aid to make 'sticky ends' for inserting a gene into a plasmid
What types of drugs would be effective for someone experiencing a tuberculosis infection?
This is mycobacterium -->Isoniazid, quinolones, rifamycins
What is the purpose of an E test?
Determines the minimal inhibitory concentration of a drug needed to kill bacteria
What is a therapeutic index as it relates to drugs?
A measure of safety: ratio of maximum safe dose to minimum effective dose
Which hypersensitivity utilizes immune complexes?
Type 3
What type of vaccine would give 'the closest thing to giving the body the real, active pathogen'?
Live Attenuated Vaccines
What type of drugs target a cell's folic acid machinery?
Sulfa drugs
What are examples of acquired antimicrobial resistance?
Horizontal Gene Transfer: conjugation, transformation, transduction
Why don't sulfa drugs kill human cells if it stops folic acid synthesis machinery?
Because we don't have any! We need folic acid, but ours is dietary!