Urinary anatomy
The ureters function to..
a. Form urine
b. Transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder
c. Transport urine from the bladder to the urethra
d. Transport urine out of the body
e. Temporarily store urine
b. Transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder
Carbonic acid levels are controlled through the ____
a. Digestive system
b. Respiratory system
c. Renal system
d. Metabolic rate of cells
b. Respiratory system
Which process is most affected by blood pressure?
a. Tubular secretion
b. Tubular reabsorption
c. Glomerular filtration
d. Loop of Henle diffusion
c. Glomerular filtration
Which of the following would have a diuretic effect?
a. Eating salty pretzels
b. Drinking alcohol
c. Sleeping
d. Most drugs
b. Drinking alcohol
The main factor that causes the kidneys to conserve water is
a. ADH
b. Osmosis
c. Renin production
d. Plasma filtration pressure
e. Renin
a. ADH
Cortical nephrons have...
a. Shorter loops of Henle and no vasa recta
b. Loops of Henle that dip into the medulla and vasa recta present
c. Loops of Henle that dip into the medulla and no vasa recta present
d. Shorter loops of Henle and vasa recta present
a. Shorter loops of Henle and no vasa recta
Which of these could cause metabolic alkalosis?
a. Hyperventilation
b. Pneumonia
c. Diarrhea
d. Over-ingestion of antacids
d. Over-ingestion of antacids
What is the average glomerular filtration rate?
a. 10L per day
b. 180L per day
c. 1,500 ml per day
d. 1 ml per minute
b. 180L per day
Where are most electrolytes normally lost?
a. Feces
b. Sweating
c. Urine
d. Respiration
c. Urine
Where is most of the water in the body found?
a. In whole blood
b. In plasma
c. In cells
d. Tissue spaces
e. The brain
c. In cells
The kidneys receive about 20% of cardiac output. They are supplied by the renal arteries, which arise from which of the following?
A. Abdominal aorta
B. Celiac artery
C. Superior mesenteric artery
D. Inferior mesenteric artery
A. Abdominal aorta
Diabetic ketoacidosis increases the amount of ketones in the body. Which of these conditions could result?
a. Metabolic acidosis
b. Metabolic alkalosis
c. Respiratory alkalosis
d. Hyponatremia
e. Hypernatremia
a. Metabolic acidosis
What causes urine to flow from the kidneys to the bladder?
a. Gravity
b. Hydrostatic pressure
c. Peristalsis
d. Osmotic pressure
c. Peristalsis
What is the most abundant extracellular cation?
a. Potassium
b. Sodium
c. Chloride
d. Magnesium
e. Phosphate
b. Sodium
Which of the following statements about fluid and electrolyte balance is true?
a. Fluid balance is independent of electrolyte balance.
b. The concentration of an individual electrolyte is the same throughout the body.
c. Water and electrolytes occur in compartments in which the composition of fluid varies.
d. Water is evenly distributed throughout the tissues of the body.
c. Water and electrolytes occur in compartments in which the composition of fluid varies.
The glomerulus is responsible for
a. Reabsorption and secretion of waste materials
b. Draining urine from the renal pyramids into the minor calyx
c. Filtering the blood
d. Producing urine
c. Filtering blood
a. Respiratory means
b. Secreting H+ ions into the urine
c. Vomiting
d. Protein buffer systems
c. Vomiting
Most tubular reabsorption occurs at the
a. Distal convoluted tubule
b. Collecting duct
c. Proximal convoluted tubule
d. Glomerulus
e. Loop of Henle
c. Proximal convoluted tubule
Which of these is not an effect of parathyroid hormone?
a. Osteoclast stimulation
b. Increase in blood calcium levels
c. Increase in renal elimination of Ca2+
d. Increase in intestinal absorption
c. Increase in renal elimination of Ca2+
The most likely cause of net fluid movement is
a. Change in hydrostatic pressure
b. Change in osmotic pressure
c. Change in overall water concentration
d. Change in interstitial fluid pressure
b. Change in osmotic pressure
The renal pyramids are separated from each other by extensions of the renal cortex called ________.
a. Minor calyces
b. Medullary cortices
c. Renal columns
d. Renal medulla
c. Renal columns
Which of these is the most important buffer system in the body?
a. The hemoglobin buffer system
b. Phosphate buffer system
c. Bicarbonate-carbonic acid buffer system
d. Protein buffers in cells
c. Bicarbonate-carbonic acid buffer system
Which of these is usually not secreted by the kidneys?
a. Penicillin
b. H+
c. Urea
d. Proteins
d. Proteins
Which cells are most sensitive to electrolyte changes?
a. Osteoblasts
b. Epithelial
c. Leukocytes
d. Neurons
e. Hepatocytes
d. Neurons
The mechanism that controls the amount of water lost or retained is regulated by
a. Changes in metabolic rate
b. An increase or decrease in respiratory rate
c. Antidiuretic hormone
d. Atrial natriuretic peptide
c. Antidiuretic hormone