meiosis
true or false. in meiosis somatic cells are diploid.
false. gametes are haploid
what is the correct order of mitosis?
This is uncontrolled cell growth and reproduction due to the build-up of genetic mutations overtime
What is cancer?
true or false. effector molecules DO NOT influence transcription factors
false. it does influence
true or false. are mutations most likely to be induced not random
true
3 example of genetic variation in meiosis
Homologous pairs form a bivalent or tetrad, crossing over allows for “gene swapping” & chromosomes independently assort during Metaphase I
in metaphase homologous chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
no only chromosomes line up
The type of mutation that does not impact the amino acid sequence of the protein that would be built from the gene
What is a silent mutation?
name a few activators, effectors, and repressors. describe what they do.
CAP: Activator; binds to CAP site and helps RNA polymerase bind
Lac Repressor: Repressor; lac repressor binds to the operator and prevents RNA polymerase from transcribing
Allolactose: Effector molecule that turns off the repressor
cAMP: Effector molecule that turns on CAP, so it can bind to the CAP site
Name and describe the 3 stages of cancer
Malignant - lost normal growth regulation
Invasive - can invade healthy tissue
Metastatic- can migrate to other parts of the body
true or false. in prophase, the chromosomes decondense and the nuclear envelope reforms; the 2 daughter cells are separated by cleavage furrow
false, telekinesis and cytokinesis
true or false. mitosis forms diploid cells
true
missense- a change in a single amino acid in the polypeptide chain
nonsense- a normal codon is changed to a stop codon, resulting in a shorter peptide overall
if glucose is low and lactose is low, will the lac operon be transcribed?
no. only when glucose is low and lactose is high
what are some differences between mitosis and meiosis?
two phases in meiosis, product, crossing over, synapsis, use of tetrad
does crossing over happen in prophase 2
no only in prophase 1
true or false. mitosis goes through mitosis 1 and mitosis 2
false only one phase
Provide examples of physical and chemical mutagens
What is x-rays, gamma rays, UV rays? What is base deletion, breaks in DNA strands, and generate free radicals?
What is shape of double helix altered or bases not paired correctly?
what are the 3 features in most eukaryotic promoters? of these which 2 form the core promoter? what type of transcription does the low level promoter perform?
TATA box, transcriptional start site, and regulatory elements
low level basal transcription
significance of crossing over in prophase 1
new gene combinations
what is the final product of meiosis?
4 genetical unique cells
what is the final product of mitosis?
2 identical daughter cells
Describe sickle cell anemia and Hurler's syndrome
red blood cells are sickle shape and can clot easier- missense
A syndrome in which there is a non-functional version of an enzyme needed to breakdown polysaccharides in the cell, causing them to build up to toxic levels and cause a variety of symptoms- nonsense
- Name 4 common genetic changes associated with proto-oncogene
Missense mutations
Gene amplifications
Chromosomal translocations
Retroviral insertions
Many human cancers are associated with the amplification of particular
proto-oncogenes