Cellular Communication
What is an example of long distance endocrine signaling?
A. Neurotransmitters being secreted across a synapse to stimulate a muscle cell
B. Sweating
C. Pancreas releasing insulin into the blood
D. A cell secreting growth hormone to itself
C. Pancreas releasing insulin into the blood
Which of the following is incorrectly paired?
a. character - a heritable feature that varies among individuals.
b. trait - a different form of a gene
c. genotype - the genetic makeup of an organism
d. phenotype - the physical characteristic of an organism.
b. trait - a different form of a gene
What is the role of the promoter region in the regulation of gene expression?
a. Signals the termination of transcription.
b. Recruit RNA polymerase and transcription factors to DNA
c. Allow for alternative splicing and recombination of genetic components
d. Signals the ribosome to initiate translation.
b. Recruit RNA polymerase and transcription factors to DNA
*The promoter region is the site of a gene where RNA polymerase and other transcription factors bind to DNA.
What is the anticodon corresponding to the codon GUA?
a. UAC
b. CAU
c. UTC
d. AUG
b. CAU
*An anticodon is complementary to the codon. It follows the A/U and C/G base pairing rules.
TRUE or FALSE. Homologous chromosomes contain the same genes but are inherited from different parents.
True.
Epinephrine will bind to GPCR which in turn activates the G protein. The G protein will activate the adenylyl cyclase which converts ATP to cAMP. cAMP will initiate the signal transduction phase by activating the first kinase in the phosphorylation/dephosphorylation series. In this example, epinephrine is the _____ messenger and cAMP is the _____ messenger.
a. first; first
b. first; second
c. second; first
d. second; second
b. first; second
In Mendel's Hypothesis, _____ genes are always expressed when present. _____ genes are only expressed when no dominant genes are present.
a. dominant; recessive
b. recessive; dominant
c. dominant; dominant
d. recessive; recessive
a. dominant; recessive
The following DNA strand is used as a template for transcription: 3′ CGTAAGCGGCT 5′
Which of the following RNA strands will be produced?
a. 5′ AGCCGCUUACG 3′
b. 5′ GCAUUCGCCGA 3′
c. 5′ CGUAAGCGGCU 3′
d. 5′ GCATTCGCCGA 3′
b. 5′ GCAUUCGCCGA 3′
A deletion mutation occurs, leaving 11 bases in nucleotide sequence. How many codons can be made?
a. 3
b. 4
c. 6
d. 11
a. 3
Which of the following is the best example of gene
expression?
a) A frog adapts to variation in its environmental temperature.
b) Mouse fur color results from pigment formed by gene-encoded enzymes.
c) DNA is replicated during the S phase of the cell cycle.
d) The percent of A versus a alleles in a population is altered by natural selection.
b) Mouse fur color results from pigment formed by gene-encoded enzymes.
During cell communication in the nervous system, chemical messengers called neurotransmitters travel between neurons. As they travel, neurotransmitters send messages from one neuron to another. Which of the following best describes the role of neurotransmitters in cell-to-cell communication?
a. Neurotransmitters are local regulators that allow neurons to communicate over short distances.
b. Neurotransmitters are local regulators that allow neurons to communicate over long distances.
c. Neurotransmitters are long-distance signaling molecules that allow neurons to communicate over short distances.
d. Neurotransmitters are long-distance signaling molecules that allow neurons to communicate over long distances.
a. Neurotransmitters are local regulators that allow neurons to communicate over short distances.
Genes that have to do with height & skin color work additively to affect the phenotype. They are an example of...
A. Non-lethal aneuploidy
B. Epistasis
C. Polygenic Inheritance
D. Pleiotropy
C. Polygenic Inheritance
Which of the following is true regarding the process of transcription in eukaryotes?
a. Transcription occurs for individual genes.
b. Transcription uses both strands of DNA to make mRNA.
c. DNA polymerases control transcription.
d. The three stages of transcription are initiation, elimination, and reduction.
a. Transcription occurs for individual genes.
Which of the following terms does not directly pertain to translation?
a) anticodon
b) tRNA
c) aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase
d) DNA
d) DNA
Which of the following components does not form part of the transcription initiation complex at a eukaryotic promoter?
a) TATA box
b) transfer RNA
c) transcription factors
d)RNA polymerase
b) transfer RNA
Endocrine signals are transmitted more slowly than paracrine signals because . . .
a. the ligands are transported through the bloodstream and travel greater distances
b. the target and signaling cells are close together
c. the ligands are degraded rapidly
d. the ligands don't bind to carrier proteins during transport
a. the ligands are transported through the bloodstream and travel greater distances
A scientist crosses a homozygous red flower with a homozygous white flower. All of the resulting offspring are heterozygous with red flowers. Assuming that flower color is controlled by a single gene, which of the following statements is most likely true?
a. The allele for red flowers is dominant to the allele for white flowers.
b. The allele for red flowers is recessive to the allele for white flowers.
c. The allele for red flowers has mutated more times than the allele for white flowers.
d. The allele for red flowers is on a different chromosome than the allele for white flowers.
a. The allele for red flowers is dominant to the allele for white flowers.
Which of the following is incorrectly paired?
a. INITIATION - RNA polymerase binds to the promoter.
b. ELONGATION - RNA polymerase adds complementary nucleotides to the 3' end of the RNA strand.
c. TERMINATION - RNA polymerase stops transcribing.
d. RNA SPLICING - exons are removed and introns are expressed
d. RNA SPLICING - exons are removed and introns are expressed
Which of the following is not necessary for the translation process?
A. Release factor
B. Anticodons
C. Amino acids
D. Polyadenylation signal
E. 5' cap
D. Polyadenylation signal
In camellia flowers, petal color is controlled by codominance. When a red flower is crossed with a white flower, all of the offspring are covered in both red and white petals. A scientist crosses a red flower (RR) with a red-and-white (RW) flower. What are the predicted phenotypes of their offspring?
a. All of the offspring will have red-and-white petals.
b. All of the offspring will have red petals.
c. 75% of the offspring will be red, 25% of the offspring will be white.
d. 50% off the offspring will be red, 50% of the offspring will be red-and-white.
d. 50% off the offspring will be red, 50% of the offspring will be red-and-white.
Which statement best describes the role of first messengers in cellular communication?
a. Function as enzymes responsible for phosphorylation.
b. Extracellular signals that bind to a membrane receptor.
c.Intracellular receptors the receive the initial signal.
d. Intracellular signals that diffuse throughout the cytoplasm in the transduction stage.
b. Extracellular signals that bind to a membrane receptor.
In pea plants, the allele for smooth pods (S) is dominant over the allele for constricted pods (s). Which of the following pairs of terms are correctly matched?
a. SS - genotype; constricted pod - phenotype
b. Ss - phenotype; smooth pod - genotype
c. ss - genotype; constricted pod - phenotype
d. ss - phenotype; constricted pod - genotype.
c. ss - genotype; constricted pod - phenotype
Which of the following is correct about DNA transcription?
a.The transcript is identical to both the coding and template strand.
b. The transcript is identical/similar to the template strand and complementary to the coding strand.
c. The transcript is identical/similar to the coding strand and complementary to the template strand.
d. None of the above.
c. The transcript is identical/similar to the coding strand and complementary to the template strand.
Sickle cell anemia is a blood disorder caused due to a mutation in the protein Hemoglobin. This occurs because valine is present instead of glutamic acid.
Normal: CCU - GAA- GAA
Mutation: CCU - GUA - GAA
Which mutation has occurred?
a. Silent mutation
b. missense mutation
c. nonsense mutation
d. frameshift mutation
b. missense mutation
What best explains the interaction between tRNA and mRNA during translation?
a. anticodons on the mRNA line up with complementary codons on the tRNA
b. anticodons on the tRNA line up with complementary codons on the mRNA
c. tRNA attach amino acids to the complementary mRNA sequence
d. mRNA attach amino acids to the complementary tRNA sequence
b. anticodons on the tRNA line up with complementary codons on the mRNA